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Vaccines, Hepatitis B and Insulin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Bacterial vaccines are killed vaccines, whereas the viral vaccines are those among the inactivated vaccines. Typhoid is one of the examples of killed vaccines; it was the first one to be produced and was used among English troops in the late 19th century. Inactivated vaccines such as polio and hepatitis A are currently in circulation in the UK, and the most common killed vaccine in many countries is the whole cell pertussis vaccine. The adaptive immune response that the killed/inactivated vaccine generates is directed against a much broader range of antigens (Ellis and Brodeur, 2012). When injected with the vaccine, whole organism phagocytosis occurs. Hepatitis A is an example of an inactivated vaccine. Its protective efficacy is more than 90%. The vaccine is formalin inactivated, the cell culture is adapted and it is a strain of HAV. When injected it gives rise to neutralizing antibodies.
Recombinant Antigens as Components of a Diphtheria-Tetanys-PerSüssis Vaccine
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Andrew J. Makoff, Ian G. Charles, Neil F. Fairweather
The current vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus are based on inactivated, purified forms of the respective toxins (toxoids). Such toxoids induce high-titer circulating antibodies that neutralize the active toxin and prevent the symptoms of disease. In neither case is it necessary to immunize against the bacterium, as the lethal effects of the toxin are effectively neutralized by antitoxin vaccines. The vaccines are currently made by growing a toxigenic culture of CL tetani or Coryn. diphtheriae, partially purifying the toxin, and adding formaldehyde, which converts the toxin to the inactive toxoid. These vaccines are extremely effective when given as a course, usually of three injections in early childhood, followed by booster doses in later life. In contrast with these toxoid vaccines, the pertussis vaccine used in most countries is composed of cells of killed, inactivated B. pertussis. This vaccine is also very efficacious, although there is a small risk of adverse reactions, which has resulted in a reduced rate of vaccination against pertussis.
Microbiological Hazards
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
During an outbreak, removal of personnel with cough or upper respiratory tract symptoms may be important in preventing further spread. Infected contacts may be indentified by fluorescent antibody technique, but more reliably by culture. Erythromycin used within a few days after exposure appears to prevent the aquisition of clinical disease.44,46 Routine pertussis vaccination of hospital personnel is not recommended, but a booster dose of adsorbed pertussis vaccine may be considered for health care personnel exposed during nosocomial or community outbreaks.44,47 A reduced dose is used for adults.
Drying of Vaccines and Biomolecules
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Bhaskar N. Thorat, Ayantika Sett, A. S. Mujumdar
A vaccine can be prepared from the diseases producing viruses and bacteria directly by destroying the infectivity of them. Vaccines for Influenza, Japanese encephalitis, Rabies, Hepatitis A, and Vibrio cholera belongs to this category. Compared to attenuated formulation, inactivated forms are not only administered in large dosages but also more frequently. It is only under such a circumstance that the dosages are more efficacious. The viral vaccines are commonly more active in inhibiting diseases. One such example is pertussis vaccine, whole-cell type, the most notable bacterial vaccine of this group which is still being used extensively with high effectiveness. However, in many developed countries it has been the use of subunit vaccines to avoid the harmful effects caused by the whole cell vaccine. In contrast, the influenza viral vaccine has relatively low efficacy due to continuous mutations in the virus genes that host antibodies recognize (known as antigenic drift).[4] Several essential immune responses are enhanced by inactivated whole vaccines, particularly, the antibody for which the key role is to neutralize the infection. In general, this group of vaccines do not affect any critical response required to disinfect intracellular infections. It is well known that there are several viruses as well as few bacteria that causes intracellular damage.
Forecasting the demand of mobile clinic services at vulnerable communities based on integrated multi-source data
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2021
Bilal Majeed, Jiming Peng, Ang Li, Ying Lin, Rigoberto I Delgado
The school-level data is extracted from the HISD annual reports of immunization that provide the aggregated records for different vaccinations in pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and seventh grade (HISD Annual Report of Immunization Status, 2016–2018) and the campus demographic reports (CDR) that provides various characteristics on enrolled student populations (HISD Campus Demogrpahic Reports, 2016–2018). Schools require the proof of immunization compliance at the pre-kindergarten, kindergarten and seventh grade level: hepatitis-A (HepA), hepatitis-B (HepB), measles, mumps and rubella (MMR), polio and varicella (VAR) vaccinations are reviewed at all three grade levels; diphtheria, tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis (DTP) vaccinations are reviewed at pre-kindergarten and kindergarten level; haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), measles and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) are reviewed at pre-kindergarten level; and meningitis, tetanus and diphtheria Vaccine (TD), tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis, diphtheria and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) are reviewed at grade seventh only. Students who are not in compliance as per the Texas minimum state vaccine requirements are regarded as “delinquent” (HISD Annual Report of Immunization Status, 2016–2018). We observed varying delinquencies for different grade levels, however, there exist strong correlations between the delinquencies for different vaccines at a particular grade level. The HISD campus demographic reports included very limited information on student populations such as racial demographics and economic background. Further, this information is only available in aggregate form as details for individual students are protected by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).