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Recombinant Antigens as Components of a Diphtheria-Tetanys-PerSüssis Vaccine
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Andrew J. Makoff, Ian G. Charles, Neil F. Fairweather
Current whooping cough vaccines consist of killed B. pertussis cells and are very effective at preventing disease. However, because public acceptance of whole-cell vaccines has decreased owing to attributed side effects, there has been an increased search for an improved vaccine. An ideal acellular vaccine should contain only those antigens necessary for protection and omit molecules that are useless, especially if dangerous. Current candidate vaccines are based on toxoid, chemically inactivated pertussis toxin (PTX). However, a recent Swedish clinical trial of two toxoid-based vaccines, one also containing FHA, was disappointing and was unable to demonstrate a correlation between protection and concentration of antibody against PTX [25]. In addition, vaccines comprising predominantly PTX are unlikely to be protective against outbreaks of B. parapertussis-mzdiated whooping cough, as this organism is capable of producing severe disease, but does not produce PTX [26-28].
Production of recombinant lethal factor of Bacillus anthracis in Bacillus subtilis
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Mahboobeh Gholami, Majid Moghbeli, Farshid Kafilzadeh, Mohammad Kargar, Mariam Bikhof Torbati, Ashkan Tavizi, Sally Bellevile, Javad Hatami, Zahra Eslami
Nowadays due to the high cancer rate, high medical cost, side effects of many common treatments, and resistance to anticancer treatments in patients with advanced solid tumors, scientists are looking for new ways for cancer treatment. The engineered bacteria usage has been introduced as a new way of cancer therapy, including the direct antitumor effects or transmission of agents that have these effects.[33–35] One of the bacterial parts that can be engineered is bacterial toxin. The engineered bacteria toxin can specifically target tumors and create toxicity in tumor cells.[7] These toxins can alter cellular processes that control the proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation associated with cancer and kill cancer cells. Several studies have reported manipulation of some bacterial toxins to specifically target tumor cells such as Clostridium diffcile toxin, Shiga-like toxin 1, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, Pertussis toxin etc. The similar effect has been observed about manipulation of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin.[36,37] The Bacillus anthracis toxin consists of three polypeptides: a cellular receptor binding component – PA and two enzymatic moieties – EF and lef gene. PA binds to cell surface and then it inserts lef gene and EF subunits of toxin into the cell and these three proteins are not toxic individually.[38] In the recent years, the PA mutagenesis has been investigated to particularly target tumor cells. The resulting PA was highly potent against tumors with high uPA expression. Due to the increased expression of the uPA on cancer cells, it can be employed to target cancerous tumors.[16,39]