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Tensile tests of porcine pericardial tissue for aortic heart valve leaflets
Published in Alphose Zingoni, Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 2016
A. Mężyk, P. Jureczko, T. Machoczek, A. Konopelska, M. Pawlak
Pericardium is a double-walled structure surrounding the heart (the so-called pericardial sac). The external layer of the pericardial sac is constituted by fibrous pericardium, while the internal layer is the serous pericardium comprising of two layers—the visceral layer (epicardium) and the parieral layer. Between these layers, the pericardial cavity filled with the pericardial fluid. In terms of histology, the pericardium is comprised of fibrous connective tissue containing mostly collagen (a protein occurring in mammals) and elastic fibres (Bochenek A. & Reicher M. 2007; Rémi E. et al. 2011). Collagen is commonly used in medicine due to its significantly lower interspecific differentiation as compared to other animal proteins as well as its low immunogenicity. Biomaterials in the form of natural tissues (especially the animal pericardium), which contain considerable amounts of collagen, are—among other applications—used in reconstructive and reparative surgery of human internal organs, especially of the cardiovascular system (Wisowski G. et al. 2005).
Iatrogenic tracheobronchial and chest injury
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Marios Froudarakis, Demosthenes Makris, Demosthenes Bouros
Cardiac catheterization involves some risks, as with every invasive procedure. The most common complications resulting from cardiac catheterization are vascular-related, including external bleeding at the arterial puncture site, haematomas, and pseudoaneurysms. Less frequent complications include cardiac arrhythmias, pericardial tamponade and renal failure. The most serious complications are stroke, myocardial infarction and death resulting from clotting or rupture in one of the coronary or cerebral vessels.57 The risk of complications from cardiac catheterization is higher in patients over the age of 60, in those who have severe heart failure, and in those with advanced valvular disease.
Heart Imaging
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Leonardo Sacconi, Claudia Crocini
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a particularly powerful animal model to study development and organogenesis. In fact, zebrafish embryos are accessible for light microscopy studies from the earliest stages. The cardiac development of the zebrafish shows remarkable similarities to that of humans. Less than 2 days after fertilization, the zebrafish heart develops from progenitor cells into a two-chambered organ that sits dorsally between the head and trunk. The two chambers, atrium and ventricle, are connected by the atrioventricular canal and consist of two main cell layers: the inner endocardium and the outer myocardium. A double-walled sac, the pericardium, contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels while also fixing the heart to the thorax, providing lubrication and protecting against infection. In contrast to those of mammals and amphibians, the zebrafish heart does not progress to septation and retains a simpler structure. However, there are broad similarities between zebrafish and mammals with respect to the genetic determinants of heart tube and chamber formation (Lawson and Weinstein, 2002). Despite the comparatively simple structure of the zebrafish heart, its electrocardiogram and the overall shape of its action potentials are very similar to those of mammalian hearts (Nemtsas et al., 2010). Overall, the zebrafish has unique features that make it attractive and complementary to existing model systems. The instantaneous optical sectioning capabilities of light sheet microscopy are particularly valuable for in vivo imaging of zebrafish hearts. Selected regions of the heart can be captured in vivo with great detail using light sheet microscopy. Although high-speed movies of a single plane are sufficient to describe and quantify numerous cardiac properties, they lack the depth information needed to reconstruct the entire beating heart.
Decellularized inner body membranes for tissue engineering: A review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Ilyas Inci, Araz Norouz Dizaji, Ceren Ozel, Ugur Morali, Fatma Dogan Guzel, Huseyin Avci
Pericardium is a cone-shaped, bilayer sac-like membrane which envelopes the entire heart. Pericardium has various functions for instance it has mechanical functions which prevents excessive dilatation of the heart and facilitates blood supply to the atria during ventricular systole through providing negative pressure. It possesses a membranous function as physiological barrier isolating the heart from adjacent organs and preventing spread of infections. Moreover it has a ligamentous function that increases the strength of myocardium [90]. Fibro-serous structure of pericardium contains two layers which are serous pericardium (inner layer) and fibrous pericardium (outer layer). The serous (inner) pericardium is also comprised of two layers: The visceral pericardium surrounds the myocardium, however the parietal pericardium is adjacent to the fibrous pericardium contains collagen as major structural component [91].
A human pericardium biopolymeric scaffold for autologous heart valve tissue engineering: cellular and extracellular matrix structure and biomechanical properties in comparison with a normal aortic heart valve
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Frantisek Straka, David Schornik, Jaroslav Masin, Elena Filova, Tomas Mirejovsky, Zuzana Burdikova, Zdenek Svindrych, Hynek Chlup, Lukas Horny, Matej Daniel, Jiri Machac, Jelena Skibová, Jan Pirk, Lucie Bacakova
An optimal autologous scaffold for heart valve tissue engineering should attempt to mimic the ECM structure of the normal human heart valve, including the collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) content [3,7]. It should also have similar biomechanical properties to the normal aortic valve (NAV) [3]. Autologous human pericardium (HP) has the potential to meet these conditions. The HP forms a sac around the heart containing a small amount of serous fluid (about 20 ml) that surrounds the heart and the proximal portion of the great vessels [8]. HP is the external part of the pericardial sac. It consists of an outer layer called the fibrous pericardium, which anchors the heart to the mediastinum, and an inner layer called the serous pericardium, which is lined by squamous mesothelial cells producing the pericardial fluid. The main function of HP is to limit overfilling of the heart chambers, and to form a barrier to prevent the spread of infection from adjacent structures of the mediastinum [8]. Although the pericardium sac is usually opened during cardiac surgery, HP is not routinely used in the creation of TEHVs. Only a small number of studies have described its use for the reconstruction or replacement of heart valves in patients with heart valve disease [9,10].