China 
Africa 
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The Accelerated Blood Clearance Phenomenon of PEGylated Nanocarriers
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Amr S. Abu Lila, Tatsuhiro Ishida
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is recognized as a bio-inert, non-toxic and non-immunogenic material. These characteristics of PEG have led to its FDA approval as a vehicle or a modified material in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In addition, PEGylation, surface modification of nanocarriers and/or proteins with PEG, represents a milestone breakthrough in the field of drug delivery systems. PEGylation offers long-circulating characteristics to the modified nanocarriers, along with reduced recognition by the cells of MPS [3, 4]. In fact, PEGylated products such as peginteron® (a PEGylated interferon used in the treatment of hepatitis C virus) and Doxil® benefit from these characteristics and have been approved for use in clinical settings.
Pharmacoinformatics-based strategy in designing and profiling of some Pyrazole analogues as novel hepatitis C virus inhibitors with pharmacokinetic analysis
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Stephen Ejeh, Adamu Uzairu, Gideon A. Shallangwa, Stephen E. Abechi, Muhammad Tukur Ibrahim
Infection with the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health challenge concerned with the progress of a chronic liver disease impacting up to 3% of the populace and killing over 300,000 people annually [1]. Around 1% of the globe’s population is chronically infected with HCV, putting them in potential danger of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [2]. Developing nations (where HCV infection is prevalent) face high treatment costs. In Africa, particularly in Egypt, where HCV infection threatens a large proportion of the population, HCV treatment became one of the top national priorities from 2007 to date [3,4]. There are an estimated 2.5 to 4 million new infections per year, which indicates that the disease is becoming more widespread [5,6]. For more than a decade, the recommended treatment for HCV infection has been pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin. Some directly acting antivirals (DAA) have later been implemented as an aspect of combination therapies for HCV infection, including telaprevir, boceprevir, simeprevir, and sofosbuvir [7]. Despite remarkable advances in HCV therapy, the fight against these infections is far from over, owing to higher pharmacoeconomic factors as well as the emergence of mutant strains resistant to DAA drugs [8]. As a result, the search for unique, friendlier, and more potent drugs, as well as unique antiviral receptors, is ongoing [9].
Modelling health impacts of hepatitis – model selection and treatment plans
Published in Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems, 2022
There are various treatments for different hepatitis infections. First treatments of hepatitis C used interferon-, which activates the immune system and leads to a higher amount of T cells [5,18]. Starting in 1998 [18], a modified interferon-, called pegylated interferon- was combined with ribavirin [5]. Additional to the effect on the immune system, ribavirin reduced the reproduction of the virus [18]. An important and significant improvement in the therapy of chronic hepatitis C infection was the development of direct acting antivirals (DAA). Instead of boosting the immune reaction, the DAA decreases the virus and its reproduction [18]. The amount of DAA and the frequency of doses depends on the specific type of hepatitis C virus. Therefore, every single patient needs an individual therapy. Additionally, the resistance of certain virus types on DAA increases [18].