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Non-Interferometric Techniques for X-ray Phase-Contrast Biomedical Imaging
Published in Paolo Russo, Handbook of X-ray Imaging, 2017
Paul Claude Diemoz, Alberto Bravin, Paola Coan, Luigi Rigon
The morphology of the microvasculature on digital slices was studied by XPCI without contrast agents and matched with histological findings in both normal and injured spinal cord in a rat model (Hu et al. 2015; Cao et al. 2016a). Quantitative analysis performed on 3D images revealed a significant decrease in the number and volume of vascular networks in the pathological cases; this observation was especially relevant to vessels with a diameter <50 μm. Similar experimental methods have been focused on the study of other vascular diseases, like, for instance, in the detection of intramedullary artery pathologies (Cao et al. 2016b) and in the delineation of the cerebrovascular anatomy at the micrometer level without any need for contrast agents (Zhang et al. 2015). By using an innovative phase retrieval method applicable to a single distance PBI image, PBI-CT results showed demarcated tissue borders at the gray/white matter boundaries of a rat brain (Beltran et al. 2011), and the visualization of subtle details in the brainstem, including the ventral cochlear nucleus, spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, and inferior cerebellar peduncle. This single image approach has clear benefits in terms of radiation dose and acquisition time with respect to the multi-imaging modalities so far used in brain imaging by the other XPCI techniques.
The Skull and Brain
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
Kwong Ming Tse, Long Bin Tan, Heow Pueh Lee
Similar to the NRL-Simpleware FE head model of Brown University, another detailed subject-specific FE model of human head, comprises the skull and nasal cartilages with the overlying soft tissue as well as the intracranial contents which were further separated into white matter, grey matter, the cerebral peduncle (midbrain) and the ventricles, was developed by Tse et al. (2014a) from the NUS. The improved NUS FE Head Model II also included some of the interior details such as the airway as well as air-containing sinuses namely the frontal sinus, sphenoidal sinuses and maxillary sinuses, which have often been ignored in earlier models. The NUS FE Head Model II weighed 4.73 kg and consisted of 1,337,903 linear tetrahedral elements (Figure 10.12). Both of Version I and II of the models had been validated with the ICP data of Nahum, Smith, and Ward (1977) and Trosseille, Tarriere, and Lavaste (1992)’s cadaveric impact tests, as well as the brain strain data of Hardy et al.’s cadaveric experiments (Tse et al. 2014a).
Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The cerebellum is connected to the dorsal aspect of the brainstem by three large fiber bundles on either side, referred to as the cerebellar peduncles, and identified as: the inferior cerebellar peduncle, or restiform body, the middle cerebellar peduncle, or brachium pontis, and the superior cerebellar peduncle, or brachium conjunctivum.
Computational RSM modelling of dentate nucleus neuron 2D image surface
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2018
Ivan Grbatinić, Nemanja Rajković, Nebojša Milošević
The dentate nucleus occupies a central position in the cerebellar circuitry, serving as a relay centre for fibres coming from the cerebellar cortex, namely from the axons of Purkinje cells (Chan-Palay 1977). It represents the largest and phylogenetically most recent of the cerebellar white matter nuclei and plays an important role as a major relay centre between the cortex and the other parts of the brain. It receives its afferents from the premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex (via the pontocerebellar system) and its efferents project via the superior cerebellar peduncle through the red nucleus to the ventrolateral thalamus (crossing over at the pontomesencephalic junction). It is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of volitional movements (Mathiak et al. 2002).
Myelin Quantification in the Basal Ganglia and the Cerebral Peduncles of Human Brains
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Jacily Jemila, A. Brintha Therese, R. Rajeswaran
Cerebral peduncles are made of bundles of fibers used to transmit impulses. On each side of the brain, there is one cerebral peduncle. It is a stem-like connector. If the body receives movement impulses directly from the cortex, then movements may be erratic. Before directing the movements the peduncles consider the current location of the body parts and sometimes they slow down the movements. They are useful for learning new motor skills, refining motor movements, and converting sixth sense information into balance maintenance.