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VNPs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester, Viral Nanoparticles, 2019
Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester
Chimeric VNPs displaying antigenic peptide epitopes on the exterior surface have been developed, where the viral capsid is used as a scaffold for presenting the epitope and also serves as an adjuvant to boost the immune response (Acosta-Ramirez et al., 2008; Cornuz et al., 2008; Kaiser et al., 2007; Lacasse et al., 2008; Manayani et al., 2007; Maurer et al., 2005; Raja et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2006, 2007). A broad range of plant VNPs have been developed as platforms for display of immunogenic epitopes. These include the plant viruses Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), CPMV, RCNMV, Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), PVX, and TMV (reviewed in Canizares et al., 2005; Johnson et al., 1997; Porta & Lomonossoff, 1998; Yusibov et al., 2006). For example, CPMV has been used for the display of the Canine parvovirus VP2 epitope. Immunized dogs were protected against lethal challenge with the pathogen (Langeveld et al., 2001; Nicholas et al., 2002). Similar data were obtained in mink immunized with CPMV particles displaying the Mink enteritis virus VP2 epitope. The animals were protected against viral challenge (Dalsgaard et al., 1997). Heterologous PVX particles displaying the HIV type 1 ELDKWA epitope caused the production of neutralizing antibodies in mice (Brennan et al., 1999). Some examples of TMV epitope display used epitopes from murine hepatitis virus or Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), and were successful in conferring protection against virulent challenge in mice or guinea pigs, respectively (Koo et al., 1999; Wu et al., 2003).
Human and livestock pathogens and their control during composting
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Inactivation of naked single-stranded DNA (Group II) viruses, such as parvovirus is due to the destruction of the virus capsid (Blümel et al., 2002). Once the capsid is destroyed, enzymes produced by indigenous microorganisms can access the DNA (Blümel et al., 2002). High pH of about 9.5 and a temperature of 60 °C for 10 hr is effective against canine parvovirus (CPV) (Roberts et al., 2011), suggesting that parvoviruses might also be inactivated through the composting process. However, reports in the literature disagree on the similarities in heat and chemical resistance between bovine, porcine and canine parvoviruses (Roberts & Hart, 2000). For example, heat treatment at 70 °C for 30 and 60 min did not completely inactivate porcine parvovirus (PPV; Sahlström et al., 2008). A 2.6-log reduction for PPV was observed after 60 min at 70 °C but no significant inactivation of PPV was reported at 55 °C (90% inactivation after 0.3 hr at 70 °C) (Emmoth, 2015). Bovine parvovirus (BPV) had an inactivation rate of 0.353 log unit/hr (doubled at 70 °C) during aerobic thermophilic digestion (54–56 °C) (Spillman et al., 1987). About 90% of reduction was obtained for PPV after 0.4 hr in slurry (Böhm, 2005, as reported in Emmoth 2015) and for BPV after 11 hr in fresh manure (Elving et al., 2014).