China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Jim Ballinger, Jacek Koziorowski
The function of the dopamine transporter is reuptake of dopamine released into the synapse into vesicles in the presynaptic nerve terminal. The dopamine transporter can be imaged with an 123I-labelled analogue of cocaine, ioflupane (fluoropropyl carbomethoxy iodophenyl nortropane, FP-CIT, Datscan, Striascan). Ioflupane binds to the transporter to give an indication of the density of presynaptic nerve terminals. SPECT imaging is performed at a fixed time, 3-6 h after injection [16]. In normal individuals there is bilateral homogeneous accumulation of activity in the basal ganglia (striatum; caudate nucleus and putamen). Parkinson’s disease involves degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway with loss of dopaminergic nerve terminals. Thus, dopamine transporter imaging can be used to diagnose Parkinson’s disease and to differentiate it from other causes of Parkinsonian tremor, such as essential tremor (i.e. non-degenerative) or that caused by certain neuroleptic drugs. In early Parkinson’s disease there tends to be asymmetry, particularly in the putamen, while in advanced disease there is bilateral degeneration. Ioflupane is also useful in diagnosis of Lewy body disease [17].
Postural control in Parkinson's disease
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
Levodopa is still the most effective drug treatment to reduce clinical symptoms in parkinsonian subjects. But, despite improvements in most symptoms, many PD patients have reported an impairment of postural control when on medication (see Bronte-Stewart et al. 2002). This observation is supported by growing evidence that levodopa, like all other antiparkinsonian drug treatment, fails to affect postural instability (Klawans 1986, Koller et al. 1990, Marsden and Obeso 1994, Bloem et al. 1996, Jankovic 2002, Guttman et al. 2003, Robert-Warrior et al. 2000, Frank et al. 2000). Other groups even associated levodopa with a worsening of postural stability (Bronte-Stewart et al. 2002, Rocchi et al. 2002). One study found that levodopa treatment particularly leads to increased difficulties in controlling lateral postural sway (Mitchell et al. 1995). In addition, some investigations suggested a worsening of proprioception and kinaesthesia in PD caused by the drug treatment (Moore 1987, Klockgether et al. 1995, Zia et al. 2000, O’Suilleabhain et al. 2001).
Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Published in David G. Penney, Carbon Monoxide, 2019
Delayed sequelae from CO poisoning is devastating and occurs in 10-30% of persons recovering from the acute exposure. Parkinsonism, the most frequent long-term neurologic complication, has a grim prognosis. Unfortunately, conventional therapy with agents such as dopa has been disappointing. Another centrally acting dopaminergic agonist, bromocriptine, may be more promising. Nine patients (mean age 61 years; suffering from CO-induced Parkinsonism) who were given bromocriptine (5-30 mg/day) displayed improvement in Webster’s scores while under treatment (De Pooter et al., 1991). Clearly no definitive conclusions regarding bromocriptine therapy can be made, but perhaps this study will provide a basis for future investigations.
Paraquat and Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Carolina Vaccari, Regina El Dib, Huda Gomaa, Luciane C Lopes, João Lauro de Camargo
Parkinsonism is the most frequent and debilitating group of motor disorders in the elderly population (de Rijk et al. 2000; Dorsey et al. 2007). Patients with parkinsonism present with at least two of the four classic cardinal signs of this condition: resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, and postural instability (Goetz 2011; Kalia and Lang 2015). Parkinson's Disease (PD) corresponds to 75% of all parkinsonian forms, and is also called primary or idiopathic parkinsonism because clear associated causes usually are not identified (Adler and Beach 2016; Kalia and Lang 2015). Diagnosis of the primary disease presupposes exclusion of secondary forms that may result from the effects of dopaminergic receptor blocking drugs, head trauma, hydrocephalus, cerebrovascular diseases, or viral encephalitis (Wenning, Litvan, and Tolosa 2011).
A decision support system for Parkinson disease management: expert models for suggesting medication change
Published in Journal of Decision Systems, 2018
Marko Bohanec, Dragana Miljković, Anita Valmarska, Biljana Mileva Boshkoska, Elisabetta Gasparoli, Giovanni Gentile, Konstantinos Koutsikos, Andrea Marcante, Angelo Antonini, Dimitrios Gatsios, George Rigas, Dimitrios I. Fotiadis, Kostas M. Tsiouris, Spiros Konitsiotis
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by early prominent death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain (Kalia & Lang, 2015). This leads to classical parkinsonian motor symptoms, such as rest tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait and postural disturbances. Besides these motor symptoms, a variety of non-motor symptoms has been described (Martinez-Martin, Rodriguez-Blazquez, Kurtis, Chaudhuri, & NMSS Validation Group, 2011): olfactory dysfunction, cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, autonomic dysfunction, pain and fatigue. PD has a slow but progressive worsening of symptoms, which severely impair the quality of life. Oral drug therapy can only alleviate the symptoms in the early and middle stages of the disease.