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Clinical Perspective on Dual Energy Computed Tomography
Published in Katsuyuki Taguchi, Ira Blevis, Krzysztof Iniewski, Spectral, Photon Counting Computed Tomography, 2020
Charis McNabney, Shamir Rai, Darra T. Murphy
A subsect of pancreatic tumors are isoattenuating on SECT images, meaning they are indistinguishable from background pancreatic tissue and therefore likely to go undetected. Up to 11% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAs) and 27% of pancreatic tumors under 2 cm are isoattenuating. A recent study (Bhosale et al. 2015) suggested that DECT improves PDA lesion conspicuity at lower (50–70) kVps, compared to images acquired by routine (120 kVp) SECT, therefore improving PDA detection. Unfortunately, by the time many patients are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, their disease is too advanced for surgery, the only curative option. Early diagnosis by improved visualization of PDA with DECT could therefore significantly impact patient prognosis (Bhosale et al. 2015). Insulinomas are small tumors of the pancreas, often difficult to localize on SECT. A recent study reported increased insulinoma detection from 68.8% with conventional SECT to 95.7% using both VMIs and an iodine map produced from DECT data sets (Lin et al. 2012).
Precision Immuno-Oncology: Prospects of Individualized Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer
Published in Shaker A. Mousa, Raj Bawa, Gerald F. Audette, The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine, 2020
Jiajia Zhang, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Lei Zheng
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death for both men and women, with an annual incidence of approximately 53,000 new cases in the United States, of whom 43,000 are expected to die [1]. Despite a better understanding of tumor biology and optimization of current treatment modalities, 5-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer is only 5–6% [2]. These sobering results have spawned the efforts spent on developing novel therapies to improve the treatment outcomes. Immunotherapy, which targets cancer cells by augmenting the immune system, has become a game changer in modern cancer cares. Emerging immunotherapeutics including immune checkpoint blockade antibodies and CAR T cell therapies have led to durable response among responsive patients. However, challenges remain as only an objective response rate of 10–30% was observed among those receiving single agent immunotherapy. There is a growing need for individualized medicine solutions to guide patient selection by predicting treatment response, to spare patients from ineffective treatment, and also to avoid toxicity associated with immunotherapy.
Precision Immuno-Oncology: Prospects of Individualized Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer
Published in Shaker A. Mousa, Raj Bawa, Gerald F. Audette, The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine, 2019
Jiajia Zhang, Christopher L. Wolfgang, Lei Zheng
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death for both men and women, with an annual incidence of approximately 53,000 new cases in the United States, of whom 43,000 are expected to die [1]. Despite a better understanding of tumor biology and optimization of current treatment modalities, 5-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer is only 5–6% [2]. These sobering results have spawned the efforts spent on developing novel therapies to improve the treatment outcomes. Immunotherapy, which targets cancer cells by augmenting the immune system, has become a game changer in modern cancer cares. Emerging immunotherapeutics including immune checkpoint blockade antibodies and CAR T cell therapies have led to durable response among responsive patients. However, challenges remain as only an objective response rate of 10–30% was observed among those receiving single agent immunotherapy. There is a growing need for individualized medicine solutions to guide patient selection by predicting treatment response, to spare patients from ineffective treatment, and also to avoid toxicity associated with immunotherapy.
Association between residential exposure to petrochemical industrial complexes and pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Hathaichon Boonhat, Ro-Ting Lin, Jaw-Town Lin
Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, which accounted for more than 531,000 deaths in 2019 (GBD 2019). Trends in pancreatic cancer-related death rates from 2009 to 2019 reveal an increase of 42% (GBD 2019). Higher mortality rates in pancreatic cancer have been observed in high-income countries than in low-income countries (Wang et al. 2020). Risk factors for pancreatic cancer are complex and multifactorial and include genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors (Maisonneuve and Lowenfels 2015; Lugo et al. 2018). An estimated 10% of pancreatic cancer-related deaths is linked to genetic factors and 40% to lifestyle factors, such as smoking, high levels of fasting plasma glucose, and high body mass index (Raimondi et al. 2009; Pourshams et al. 2019). However, there is insufficient understanding of the contribution of environmental risk factors toward pancreatic cancer-related deaths. Meta-analyses have estimated that occupational exposure to different chemicals accounts for 12%–47% of pancreatic cancer cases among workers, but data on the general population remain sparse (Ojajärvi et al. 2000; Santibañez et al. 2010). Scientific evidence from occupational settings supports the link between several environmental factors and pancreatic cancer, creating an urgent need to understand the extent to which pancreatic cancer is attributable to the wider environment (Barone et al. 2016).
PEG-coumarin nanoaggregates as π–π stacking derived small molecule lipophile containing self-assemblies for anti-tumour drug delivery
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Gautam Behl, Parveen Kumar, Manisha Sikka, Laurence Fitzhenry, Aruna Chhikara
As stated, the main aim to utilise PC conjugates was to demonstrate the importance of dual hydrophobic and π–π stacking for anti-tumour drug delivery, as most of the anticancer drugs are hydrophobic and aromatic [3]. CUR was chosen as model drug molecule for this study due to its complex conjugated aromatic structure and its known biological activity including anti-tumour properties. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to study the anti-tumour efficacy of CUR-loaded nanoaggregates (PC1-CUR, PC2-CUR and PC3-CUR) in order assess whether biological activity of CUR is retained. The anti-tumour efficacy was tested on pancreatic cancer cell lines i.e. MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 using MTT assay (Figure 7 and Table 1).Pancreatic cancer is one of the most dangerous cancers, with a very low survival rate and has a poor prognosis when the disease is diagnosed at advanced stages [19]. Hence, the study on pancreatic cancer cell lines will be an important demonstration for assessing the potency of the formulation. The results from MTT assay indicated a concentration dependent cytotoxicity for both free CUR and CUR-loaded nanoaggregates. The IC50 values for free CUR were 14.01 and 20.10 μM on MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cell lines and were in agreement with an earlier reported range [19]. The IC50 values were reduced to ~11 and ~15 μM (p < 0.05) for MIAPaCa-2 and PANC 1 cell lines, respectively, in the case of CUR-loaded nanoaggregates. These results indicate that the PC conjugates have great potential for the aqueous solubilisation of hydrophobic drugs as observed in the case of CUR, and may form an important basis for the development of biomedical materials in the near future.
Targeted delivery and anticancer effects of Chrysin-loaded chitosan-folic acid coated solid lipid nanoparticles in pancreatic malignant cells
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Amin Farhadi, Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi, Soroush Sadeghi, Danial Vala, Tina Khosravi
Pancreatic cancer is recognized as one of the deadliest solid tumors in humans with a survival rate of 6–8 months after diagnosis and is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer mortality by 2030 [1]. Late diagnosis due to lack of clinical manifestations, aggressive nature, resistance to chemotherapy drugs, and lack of access to rapid diagnosis methods, are among the reasons for the high mortality rate of this disease [2]. The microenvironment of tumor growth in pancreatic cancer due to heavy stroma and low blood vessels creates a barrier to receiving the drug and this, by preventing the penetration of chemotherapy drugs into the tumor tissue causes resistance to treatment [3].