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Organophosphorous Compounds
Published in Fina P. Kaloyanova, Mostafa A. El Batawi, Human Toxicology of Pesticides, 2019
Fina P. Kaloyanova, Mostafa A. El Batawi
Rosin analyzed 222 case histories of persons intoxicated by methylmercaptophos and established that the dermal route of penetration was the most probable compared to inhalatory or oral penetration, it had a longer latent period (3 to 8 h).145 The earliest symptoms of intoxication are giddiness with blurred vision, a headache located mainly in the parietal-temporal area, and general weakness. Later on nausea, vomiting, pains in the epigastric and abdominal area, and diarrhea appear. Pallor of the skin and membranes and furred tongue are observed, as well as moderate tachycardia and less often bradycardia, dull cardiac sounds. Single crepitations are detected in the lungs. Better expressed are the changes in the nervous system — apathy and sleepiness or on the contrary, excitement and irritativeness. Almost all sufferers show a moderate sweating, cooling extremities, and cyanosis of fingers and toes. In more severe intoxications, these symptoms are better expressed.
Assessment of Heat Stress Using the WBGT Index
Published in Ken Parsons, Human Heat Stress, 2019
The most common heat illness encountered at the three camps was heat exhaustion. This was characterized by dizziness, lack of coordination, profuse sweating, pallor, headache, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and gastrointestinal disturbances. Heat rash was prevalent, but heat cramps and heat stroke were relatively rare. Exercise of relatively long duration and moderate intensity, as opposed to short duration and high intensity, was found to be the main determinant of heat stress (strain) and evaporative sweat loss correlated well with WBGT levels. Heat exhaustion occurred more in recruits from the northern states and at bases further south due to increased heat. The WBGT index was found to be a more effective indicator of heat stress than using air temperature and humidity alone. Previously, there had been unnecessary restrictions to training on cloudy windy days and permitted training on sunny windless days when most heat casualties occurred. Recommendations were made for limit values depending upon the recruit experience and exposure, including a cessation of all physical training at WBGT levels of 31.1°C (88.0°F).
Functional Optical Brain Imaging
Published in Hualou Liang, Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biosignal Processing, 2012
It is well-known that the functional state of tissue can influence its optical properties, for instance, cyanosis in hypoxia; pallor in anemia. The human brain undergoes a number of physiological changes as it responds to environmental stimuli; these changes in blood levels and electrochemical activity also affect its optical properties. Functional optical imaging capitalizes on the changing optical properties of these tissues by using light in the near-infrared range (700–900 nm) to measure physiological changes. Because oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb have characteristic optical properties in the visible and near-infrared light range between 700 and 900 nm, the change in concentration of these molecules during neurovascular coupling can be measured using optical methods [9,37]. Most biological tissues are relatively transparent to light in the near-infrared range, largely because major components of most tissues, such as water absorb very little energy at these wavelengths (see Figure 6.1). As such, this spectral band is often referred to as the “optical window” for the noninvasive assessment of brain activation. However, the chromophores oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb do absorb a fair amount of energy in this range. Fortunately, in the optical window, the absorption spectra of oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb remain significantly different than each other as shown in Figure 6.1 allowing spectroscopic separation of these compounds to be possible using only a few sample wavelengths.
Effects of Seated Postural Sway on Visually Induced Motion Sickness: A Multiple Regression and RUSBoost Classification Approach
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
The virtual reality (VR) technology has proliferated through various application fields, such as gaming, entertainment, education, architecture, manufacturing, and medical imaging (Ong & Nee, 2013). As many companies have developed commercial HMDs, content, and related accessory devices to enhance VR experiences, initial VR industry has been on the horizon (Arcioni et al., 2019). VR provides users with high levels of immersion, realism, and coexistence based on a full-wide field of view (360°) by head tracking and seamless scene transition functions (Blade & Padgett, 2002; Lambooij et al., 2009). However, despite these benefits, VR has been related to negative human factors, such as visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) or cybersickness (CS), which have been widely reported by light and heavy VR users (Naqvi et al., 2013; Rebenitsch & Owen, 2016). Symptoms reported include visual fatigue, anxiety, skin pallor, sweating, nausea, headache, disorientation, and, in extreme cases, vomiting (Sharples et al., 2008). Most VIMS symptoms can be relieved by simply stopping watching VR content, but some individuals experience specific long-lasting symptoms (Weech et al., 2018). To enhance the viewing experience of VR users, VR industry must understand and resolve the problems related to VIMS. Such problems pose a major obstacle to further developing VR (Moss & Muth, 2011).
Metals and arsenic in marine fish commercialized in the NE Brazil: Risk to human health
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Carlos Alberto da Silva, Silvia de Oliveira Santos, Carlos Alexandre Borges Garcia, Gabriela Cugler de Pontes, Julio Cesar Wasserman
The health implications of cadmium exposure are worsened by the relative inability of humans to excrete cadmium. Acute Cd poisoning is characterized by fever, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, cough, dyspnea, weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea, and may cause acute lung edema (Gu et al.2017). Chronic exposure causes respiratory problems, dental cavities, yellowing of teeth, anorexia, fatigue, weight loss, pallor, anemia, proteinuria, and renal tubular damage (Godt et al.2006; Dural et al.2007). The cadmium THQ values (THQCd) in the fish commercialized in Aracaju varied from 0.03 to 0.05 (Table 5), and the mean value of THQCd was 0.04 ± 0.01 higher than the 0.02 ± 0.01 found by Gu et al. (2015). Storelli (2008) obtained THQCd values between 0.01 and 0.04 for 18 marine fish species: ranges similar to those obtained in this study. The highest THQCd of 0.05 was found in dolphinfish and snook, and all the THQCd values for cadmium in this study were far <1, similar to those obtained by Gu et al. (2015) for four fish species from the South China Sea.
CNN-RSVM: a hybrid approach for classification of poikilocytosis using convolutional neural network and radial kernel basis support vector machine
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Prasenjit Dhar, K Suganya Devi, P Srinivasan
Figure 12 displays the critical analysis of the CNN and CNN-SVM models. Figure 12 shows the analyses of the two most effective, average, and worst instances. Because the stomatocyte class may be distinguished from other classes by its centre pallor and mouth-like shape, CNN and CNN-SVM models produce the most accurate results (error rate 0%). For the acanthocyte class, CNN yields a negligible error rate of 0.01%, but CNN-SVM yields a classification error rate of 0%. For the following two average classes (echinocyte and spherocyte), soft-max produces an error rate of 0.03% while CNN-SVM yields an error rate of 0.01%. Soft-max classifiers may face difficulty distinguishing edges, shapes, and centre pallor extracted by the CNN model between acanthocyte and echinocyte cells. Normal and spherocyte cells are fundamentally the same only the centre pallor is missing for spherocyte cells. The SVM classifier makes an excellent separation between the two classes (echinocyte and spherocyte), but it makes some mistakes in classification. The two lowest error results were observed in the schistocyte and normal classes with SVM analysis. In general, CNN extracts blood cell shapes, edges, and textures. Schistocyte cells are fragmented cells that produce various cell structures. With the soft-max classifier, edges may cause confusion among cells such as acanthocytes, echinocytes, and schistocytes. The soft-max classifier may often cause misunderstanding between the normal, spherocyte, and target cell classes. As a consequence, compared to the SVM classifier (0.04% and 0.02%), the soft-max classifier produces the highest error rates on the schistocyte (0.27%) and normal (0.12%) classes.