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Pathological Manifestations and Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Inhalation exposure to toxic levels of Vanadium pentoxide in mice resulted in testicular toxicity (Fortoul et al., 2007) characterized by necrosis of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and Sertoli cells. Oral exposure of Vanadium in the form of Sodium Metavanadate did not result in testicular toxicity, although epididymal weights were decreased at the highest dose. Exposure of pregnant rats and mice to Vanadium indicates accumulation within fetal membranes but not the fetus itself (Altamirano-Lozano, Alvarez-Barrera, Mateos-Nava, Fortoul, & Rodriguez-Mercado, 2014) suggesting that likelihood for Vanadium-related direct effects on the developing fetus is low. However, epidemiological studies have associated increased exposure to Vanadium with premature rupture of membranes in pregnant women (Jin et al., 2018) and possible changes in semen quality (DNA integrity of spermatozoa) in men (Y. X. Wang et al., 2018). Taken together, the evidence for direct testicular and/or developments injury indicates that the toxicity may be dependent on exposure route, form of Vanadium exposure and exposure concentration.
Co(II) coordination polymer: application values on vulvovaginal candidiasis through reducing Candida albicans growth
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the common vaginal inflammations in gynecology, which is a common vulvovaginal inflammation caused by Candida. VVC has a higher incidence during pregnancy.[1] The common pathogen of VVC during pregnancy is mainly Candida albicans, and its pathogenesis includes pathogenic factors of the bacteria itself (adhesion, extracellular enzymes and morphological transformation), increased hormones during pregnancy and decreased immune function.[2,3] At the same time, VVC has a certain impact on pregnancy, which mainly leads to diseases such as intrauterine infection, premature rupture of membranes, premature birth, low-weight infants, abortion and stillbirth.
Rural and urban differences in prenatal exposure to essential and toxic elements
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Jesse N. Cottrell, D’Andrea S. Thomas, Brenda L. Mitchell, Jason E. Childress, Diane M. Dawley, Lawrence E. Harbrecht, David A. Jude, Monica A. Valentovic
Disparities exist between exposure to environmental chemicals globally, but exposure to toxic chemicals is disproportionately higher in individuals with low income (Di Renzo et al. 2015). The association of birth defects targeting the heart that may be attributed to high levels of certain metals such as arsenic (As) and manganese (Mn) in drinking water was reviewed by Nicoll (2018). A balance between the levels of various metals is important for normal function as inadequate or excessively high levels of metals elements might induce birth defects including physical or biochemical defects to the heart, nervous system or other postnatal irreversible dysfunctions (Schlegel et al. 2015). The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics has issued a special communication to highlight the reproductive health impacts of exposure to toxic environmental chemicals, noting that there are documented links between prenatal exposure and adverse health outcomes (Di Renzo et al. 2015). Deficiencies of elements zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) were linked to birth defects, pregnancy-associated hypertension, placental abruption, stillbirth, fetal growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes, and infertility (Pathak & Kapil 2004). In patients with growth-restricted fetuses, serum Cu, Zn, calcium, and iron levels were significantly lower than in controls (Shen et al 2015).
Application of intrauterine balloons in cervical ripening
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
With the prolonged placement of intrauterine balloon, the effect of promoting cervical ripening is better. Some studies indicated that prolonged intrauterine balloon placement increased the chance of infection [39–42], so most studies removed the balloon after 12 hours of placement, whether the balloon was spontaneously discharged or not. However, for older women (age ≥35 years) and obese women (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), they usually have a higher risk of induction failure and a longer time to achieve cervical ripening [43]. Other studies suggested that for patients with poor cervical maturity, appropriate prolongation of uterine balloon placement time could be attempted under the condition of ensuring an aseptic operation. A prospective study showed that the Foley catheter could be safely set in the uterine for more than 24 hours as long as the fetal membranes were intact and the pregnancy and the fetus were in good condition [44]. Research showed that cervical ripening with a Foley catheter did not increase infection risk in patients with premature rupture of membranes following antibiotic prophylaxis [45–48]. Similarly, in a retrospective study of mid-term induction of labor, Peng J et al. concluded that the duration of double-balloon placement was appropriately prolonged due to immature cervical conditions in the second trimester, and compared with 12 hours of placement, the placement of double-balloon device for 12–24 hours resulted in a higher success rate in labor induction (96.3% vs. 71%, p < 0.05), shorter time from balloon discharge to delivery (3.0 hours vs. 17.8 hours, p < 0.05), and better cervical dilatation after balloon discharge without increasing the risk of infection [26]. Therefore, whether to prolong the balloon placement time for patients with poor cervical maturity requires further study.