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Physical Vapor Deposition Coating Process in Biomedical Applications
Published in Sarbjeet Kaushal, Ishbir Singh, Satnam Singh, Ankit Gupta, Sustainable Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2023
Sivaprakasam Palani, Elias G. Michael, Melaku Desta, Samson Mekbib Atnaw, Ravi Banoth, Suresh Kolanji
Osseointegration is defined as the formation of bone tissue surrounding an implant without the formation of fibrous tissue at the implant-bone interface (Apostu et al. 2018). It is, more precisely, the ability to grow normal tissue on a fixed implant in the host. However, fibril tissues form when the surface layer fails to incorporate with the bone, most commonly as a result of micro-motion that loosens the implant. Surface roughness, chemistry, and topography are all factors that have been linked to osseointegration (He et al. 2019). Furthermore, materials that are both bioactive and bio-inert are needed to improve implant osseointegration. Apart from that, surface modification techniques such as chemical etching, thermal spray, and blasting have been widely used to improve dental implant osseointegration (Wang et al. 2019).
Applications of Thin Films in Metallic Implants
Published in Sam Zhang, Materials for Devices, 2023
Katayoon Kalantari, Bahram Saleh, Thomas J. Webster
Osseointegration has been described as the direct connection between human living bone and the implant [130] which has an important effect on implant stability ensuring implant success. Once the device is implanted into bone, the bone grows around implant's porous structure. Usually, the osseointegration process can range from a few weeks to a few months. The healing process can be divided into four steps: Hemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation, and Remodeling [64, 131]. with surface modification of an implant, corrosion and wear resistance of the implant increases, and makes the implant more biocompatible which leads to better integration with bone tissue. Dental implants with rough surfaces have been shown to improve bone fixation and the bone-to-implant contact percentage over that of commercially available implants [132].
Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Blessing Atim Aderibigbe, Shesan John Owonubi
Metal-based biomaterials have been used as dental implants such as artificial tooth root which is inserted in the jaw for tooth replacement (Duraccio et al., 2015). The implant is surgically inserted and the shape of the implant varies. The formation of a strong bond between the implant and jawbone is known as osseointegration, which anchors the implant by the development of bone tissue around the implant. However, it is important to mention that an absolute bone-to-implant contact does not occur (Duraccio et al., 2015). There are several factors that influence osseointegration such as the medical state of the patient, habits, for example, smoking, the properties and the design of the implant, quality of the bone, radiation therapy, and bacterial contamination, etc. (Duraccio et al., 2015; Goutam et al., 2013; Park et al., 2006). The common metals, which are used for dental implants, are pure titanium and the alloy of titanium and zirconium dioxide. The unique properties of titanium, which include its nontoxicity, biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion, good fatigue strength, controlled degradability, and modulus of elasticity, are useful for dental applications (Duraccio et al., 2015). Titanium implant surfaces are usually modified by roughening and coating in order to enhance the rate of osseointegration (Duraccio et al., 2015).
Finite element analyses of porous dental implant designs based on 3D printing concept to evaluate biomechanical behaviors of healthy and osteoporotic bones
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Abdelhak Ouldyerou, Laid Aminallah, Ali Merdji, Ali Mehboob, Hassan Mehboob
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are biocompatible materials that are largely used in dental implant systems. Dense dental Ti implants exhibit excessive stiffness and mismatch with the surrounding bone thus causing stress shielding, aseptic loosening and implant failure [1, 2]. Implant stability is divided into primary stability (mechanical stability) and secondary stability (osseointegration). The principle of osseointegration depends on the primary stability which is influenced by implant design, bone quality, and surgical protocol [3]. To attain long-term osseointegration and to maximize the implant life, researchers are working on designs of implants to find suitable ones. During mastication forces after implantation, appropriate stresses should be transferred to the surrounding bone but due to the dense metallic implants and stiffness mismatch between implant and bone, a very low level of stresses are transferred to the bone and major load is carried by the implant which may cause stress shielding and bone resorption [2, 4, 5]. To overcome the aforementioned problems, research has found that the application of porous implants might inhibit the effect of stress shielding to ensure the implant's longevity [6–8]and increase the possibility of bone ingrowth[9]. Studies showed that porous implants show reduced stiffness which effectively stresses transfer to the bone and facilitate bone ingrowth [10–13].
Biomechanical and osteointegration study of 3D-printed porous PEEK hydroxyapatite-coated scaffolds
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Chao Wu, Baifang Zeng, Danwei Shen, Jiayan Deng, Ling Zhong, Haigang Hu, Xiangyu Wang, Hong Li, Lian Xu, Yi Deng
Overall, an indisposed osseointegration at the bone to implant contact may result in failure of bone reconstruction. The biomechanical properties of PEEK material can meet the requirements as implants, but to find an appropriate method to enhance the biological performance of PEEK material remains a big challenge to surgeons. Sedimentation of bioactive material on its surface such as HA, Ti and titanium dioxide (TiO2) could enhance its osseointegration [17,26–28], and the current research mainly focused on HA coating at present. Johansson et al. compared PEEK implant and PEEK-HA implant in tibia and femur of rabbits. It was found that HA coating had significantly higher removing torque compared with native PEEK implants. It indicated that PEEK-HA has greater integrating capacity with bone tissues [29]. Oladapo et al. used X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile and flexural mechanics tests and thermal dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to characterize PEEK-HA prosthesis, and they found that the bone integration and biological activity of PEEK-HA prosthesis were significantly enhanced [30]. Theoretically, the hydroxyapatite has good affinity to bone tissue, and the undifferentiated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells could be induced to differentiate into osteoblasts, which are directly attached to the surface of hydroxyapatite [31].
Review on effect of Ti-alloy processing techniques on surface-integrity for biomedical application
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2020
Though Ti implants have higher osseointegration rate (Tanaka et al.[25]) a proper bone contact with the implant takes 3 weeks after implantation. Consequently, Ti alloys are now being developed and tested to have low time for osseointegration. (Guillemot et al.[26]) investigated the toxicity of Ti-Mo-Ta alloy and brought out the significance of biomaterial composition to avoid excess metal ion release in the human body. A comparison of machined pure Ti and cast Ti implants showed that both possessed similar oxide layer formation yet the surface integrity varied. Due to this variation, the interaction between bone and implant will vary to a greater extent (Mohammadi et al.[27]). Figure 2 shows the interface of human cells and the Ti surface. The formation TiO2 layer on the implant surface represents a biocompatible property of Ti (Tengval et al.[28]).