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Omics to Field Bioremediation
Published in Vineet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Garg, Sunil Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Omics for Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Systems, 2023
According to the Medical Dictionary, the definition of omics is the study of a large amount of data representing an entire set of molecules such as genes, proteins, and metabolites. Also, it refers to the quantitative measurement of global sets of molecules in a bio-sample. And in this, high-throughput techniques along with biostatics and analysis tools are used. So, the main concept behind these studies is that a complex system can be understood efficiently when it is considered as a whole. These approaches are used to conduct a study in a non-biased and non-targeted manner so that the efficiency can be increased. These technologies adopt a holistic approach to study a system and these can also be considered as high-dimensional biology and the incorporation of these all systems is called systems biology. These studies generate hypotheses by collecting and analyzing the data, and the hypotheses that are generated from the data are further tested (Horgan and Kenny, 2011). Many different technologies come under this classification, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and mass spectrometry.
Putative role of multi-omics technologies in the investigation of persistent effects of COVID-19 on vital human organs
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Susmita Ghosh, Akanksha Salkar, Firuza Parikh
The term “omics” implies the assessment of the global set of molecules present in an organism. Advancement of omics technologies, viz., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have enabled identifying disease biomarkers with high specificity and understanding the disease phenotype based on statistical inference. The combined analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene expression data, and RNA-seq data contribute to identifying the gene-level changes or genetic mutations in response to disease. In addition, Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway–based analysis provide an insight into the gene mutation– associated perturbed pathway. In this context, the terms “epigenomics” and “transcriptomics” shed light on the alteration of epigenetic modifications and transcript variants generated in response to complex disease. Several studies revealed the direct correlation of transcriptomics data with proteomics data. Herewith, the new omic technology “translatomics” has been brought forward which only focuses on the mRNA that translates into protein sequence. On the other hand, proteomics supplements other omic technologies to determine the structure, function, and modifications of the entire proteome present in a biospecimen and plays a crucial role in identifying disease-specific biomarkers. The alteration of protein functions also reflects at the metabolite level, hence the comprehensive metabolic analysis helps to identify the altered metabolic pathways in response to disease.
Abiotic Stress-Mediated Oxidative Damage in Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Ruchi Rai, Shilpi Singh, Shweta Rai, Alka Shankar, Antra Chatterjee, L.C. Rai
Omics technologies propose improved techniques and strategies for understanding the relationship between the function of specific genes and their phenotypic effects under different environmental conditions. It also helps in the interpretation of the complex molecular regulatory system involved in stress tolerance and adaptation in plants (Soda et al., 2015). Omics refers to the study of large sets of molecules in biology for the detection of genes (genomics), mRNA (transcriptomics), protein (proteomics) and metabolites (metabolomics). It has been employed for a better understanding of the biological processes and molecular/cellular mechanisms involved in plant stress responses.
Incorporation of chemical and toxicological availability into metal mixture toxicity modeling: State of the art and future perspectives
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Bing Gong, Hao Qiu, Ana Romero-Freire, Cornelis A. M. Van Gestel, Erkai He
Conventional ecotoxicological studies mainly focused on the responses of the overall phenotypic level of the organism. In recent years, the use of “omics-based approaches”, which can provide information either at the gene, protein or metabolite level, greatly promotes a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity. It is not surprising that omics techniques spread to ecotoxicology, which open up new perspectives for investigating the toxicity of toxic substances at the molecular level (Prat & Degli-Esposti, 2019). The “omics” represents “as a whole” genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics (Figure 5). Genomics study all the nucleotide sequences, including structural genes, regulatory sequences, and noncoding DNA segments, in the chromosomes of an organism and thus identify underlying factors dominating the variability of toxicological responses at the genetic level. This requires an interdisciplinary approach because of the diverse responses involving molecular biology, physiology, toxicology, and so on. Genomics can provide useful information for assessing biological responses following exposure to contaminants, e.g. by the identification of novel biomolecules that may act as biomarkers in environmental monitoring (Adam et al., 2007; González-Fernández et al., 2008; Lindon et al., 2005; Menzel et al., 2009; Montes Nieto et al., 2010; Montes-Nieto et al., 2007; Poynton & Vulpe, 2009; Ruiz-Laguna et al., 2006; Waring et al., 2001).
Gene doping: Present and future
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Rebeca Araujo Cantelmo, Alessandra Pereira da Silva, Celso Teixeira Mendes-Junior, Daniel Junqueira Dorta
Biomarkers (which represent a possible measurement parameter that is altered due to an individual intervention in a system) and gene expression markers are promising alternatives to detect gene doping through omics approaches (Bowers & Bigard, 2017; Teale et al., 2009). While classic biology studies biological processes through individual component knowledge, the omics technology examines the biological processes as a whole and encompasses study fields like genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics (Teale et al., 2009).