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Hearing, Proprioception, and the Chemical Senses
Published in Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 2018
Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha
We can smell substances that are volatile; that is, they can evaporate. Air currents carry the molecules to our nose, where they affect smell receptors. The receptor cells are located in a region of the nasal cavity called the olfactory epithelium. Each receptor cell has an extension, called an olfactory rod, which goes to the surface of the epithelium. The olfactory rod contains a knob near its end, from which hairlike structures, olfactory cilia, protrude. These cilia are most likely the receptor elements. Like the taste receptors, smell receptors have a limited lifespan. They function for about 4–8 weeks. The axons from the smell receptors make up the olfactory nerve, which goes to the olfactory bulb at the front of the brain. The primary route from the olfactory bulb to the cortex is called the lateral olfactory tract.
Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Signals from odor sensation are sent from the olfactory bulb through mitral and tufts cell axons via the lateral olfactory tract and synapse at the primary olfactory cortex. The primary olfactory cortex includes the anterior olfactory nucleus, the piriform cortex, the anterior cortical nucleus of the hippocampus and amygdala, the periamygdaloid complex, and the rostral entorhinal cortex.
Deep learning-based image watermarking technique with hybrid DWT-SVD
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
R. Radha Kumari, V. Vijaya Kumar, K. Rama Naidu
This algorithm is inspired by the smelling ability of bears in finding the location of their prey or enemies. For instance, the sensing mechanism of bears can be applied to find one quality solution from a set of solutions, thereby minimizing the error. Predicting the odour quality from a set of odorant elements is generally difficult due to the impossibility of making interaction with odours. However, this can be easily achieved by following the sensing mechanism of bears. A significant part of this process is the olfactory bulb (sensing component) of bears. They have a higher olfactory bulb compared to other organisms giving them a great sense of smell [36]. The olfactory bulb sense odours and transfers the information to the brain via the olfactory tract. Apart from this, bears can move on the subsequent level by their resemblance values. The mathematical formulation of this algorithm is given as follows.