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Wound healing angiogenesis: An overview on mathematical models
Published in J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares, Biodental Engineering V, 2019
A.C. Guerra, J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge
Angiogenesis is modulated by several chemical factors capable of activate cellular related pathways. However, the main regulator of angiogenesis is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A or simple VEGF). This soluble factor bind specifically to the tyrosine kinases receptor (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) on the cell surface and to non-tyrosine kinase receptors of the neuropilin (NRP-1 and NRP-2), which function as co-receptor for VEGFRs. The specific binding of VEGF to its receptor allows the activation of cellular pathways downstream, which stimulates endothelial cells to proliferate, to migrate, to differentiate and to survive, allowing new blood vessel formation. Indeed, the binding of VEGF to VEGFR2 is the principal pathway known for stimulating endothelial cells proliferation and migration and for increasing the vascular permeability (Koch & Claesson-Welsh 2012). Moreover, cutaneous wounds present high levels of VEGF that is produced in response to injury by multiple cells types, such as keratinocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts (Brown et al. 1992, Willenborg et al. 2012).
Niosomes for Brain Targeting
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
Didem Ag Seleci, Muharrem Seleci, Rebecca Jonczyk, Frank Stahl, Thomas Scheper
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a transmembrane protein overexpressed on the surface of both glioma and endothelial cells of angiogenic blood vessels (Li and Rossman, 2001; Nasarre et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2013). tLyp-1 (tumor homing and penetrating peptide) peptide with 7 amino acid (CGNKRTR), is as a ligand-targeted to the NRP-1 receptor with high affinity and specificity. Hence, tLyp-1 has been used as a targeting ligand for the delivery of drugs to the brain tumor (Hu et al., 2013).
Indocyanine green-loaded exosomes for image-guided glioma nano-therapy
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Bo Fan, Song Yang, Yuan-yu Wang, Chao Zhang, Ji-peng Yang, Li-qun Wang, Zhong-qiang Lv, Xue-fang Shi, Zhen-zeng Fan, Jian-kai Yang
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is overexpressed in glioma cells and tumor vascular endothelium with no expression in normal nerve cells and other tissues, suggesting that it can be used as a targeting ligand for glioma [16]. RGE is a specific ligand of NPR-1 and can penetrate tumor tissues to significantly enhance the anti-tumor effect of modified drugs. That is the reason we designed a RGE-modified exosome-loaded ICG system to locate and kill gliomas [22, 23].