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Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive damage of neurons, which are mainly related to the death of neurons. This leads to a gradual loss of cognitive and physical function. The most common neurodegenerative diseases are Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Lin and Beal, 2006). There are two main types of neurodegenerative diseases: dyskinesia and degeneration/dementia disorders (Huang et al., 2018). The disease afflicts about 35.6 million people around the world. The number is expected to double by 2030 and triple by 2050. Even in most high-income countries, it is difficult for dementia patients to obtain adequate medical care, where only about 50% of dementia patients are correctly diagnosed, while in low-income and middle-income countries, less than 10% of cases are diagnosed. With the aging of the population, the number of patients with dementia is also increasing (Jager et al., 2014).
Nanoengineering Neural Cells for Regenerative Medicine
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Christopher F. Adams, Stuart I. Jenkins
Disease and injury of the CNS severely affect the quality of life of patients and their families/carers, as well as representing an enormous and growing healthcare burden. This is partly due to broader successes in reducing mortality, contributing to the increasing numbers of older people, the population most prone to developing neurodegenerative conditions. Due to increasing life expectancies, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is predicted to become one of the leading causes of disability and death by 2030 (World Health Organisation, 2013). Efforts to find therapies which can restore function to the damaged CNS are vital both for human well-being and to alleviate the cost-burden for global healthcare services. However, this constitutes a major challenge as CNS tissue has a complex cytoarchitecture and a poor regenerative capacity, posing considerable obstacles to the development of neuroregenerative strategies.
Unilateral Ex Vivo Gene Therapy by GDNF in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Sonia Barua, Yashwant V. Pathak
Neurodegenerative diseases commonly occur in the elderly. This heterogeneous group of diseases are mainly characterized by progressive degeneration of the structure and functions of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nerve tissue. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are common examples of neurodegenerative diseases [1–2]. Since the brain is a complex organ in the body, it is critical to understand the causes of neurodegenerative diseases and develop new strategies for their treatment and prevention. Studies have proven that the risks of neurodegenerative diseases are due to a combination of a person’s genes and environmental factors [2–5]. Moreover, the rate of disease progression depends on lifetime exposures to the environment.
Apigenin attenuates tetrabromobisphenol A-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal SK-N-MC cells
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Eun Mi Choi, So Young Park, Kwang Sik Suh, Suk Chon
Neuronal death plays a role in many chronic neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the dysfunction of certain neuron groups.[35] In the present study, we investigated the protective role of apigenin against TBBPA-induced neurotoxicity and analyzed its potential mechanism mediated by apigenin. The viability of TBBPA-treated SK-N-MC cells was significantly reduced, while apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy increased. However, apigenin treatment significantly reduced TBBPA-induced toxicity in SK-N-MC cells. Although neurons die in neurodegenerative diseases, the mode of cell death is often unclear. In primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells, Lenart et al.[36] reported a complex pattern of TBBPA-evoked changes in the expression of genes involved in neuronal death, indicating no induction of necrosis, followed by a delayed activation of genes associated with apoptosis, suggesting that necrosis is not involved in TBBPA-induced neurotoxicity. However, in our study, TBBPA primarily induced cell death by apoptosis and then underwent secondary necrosis. Consistent with our findings, Szychowski and Wójtowicz[37] and Wojtowicz et al.[11] reported that TBBPA-induced LDH release from primary neocortical and hippocampal neurons and apoptosis occur, suggesting the involvement of a mixed necrotic-apoptotic mechanism of TBBPA neurotoxicity.
The relationship between activity level and cognitive function in Chinese community-dwelling elderly
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2022
Man-Li Liu, Li-Jun Jiang, Wen-Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhang, Xiao-Hua Xing, Wei Deng, Tao Li
As of the end of 2019, China’s elderly aged 60 years or above accounted for 18.1% of the whole population. Cognitive function deteriorates as people age and the incidence of all-cause dementia nearly doubles with every 5 years of age. Since with the changes in population structure and the increase longer of life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly population is expected to increase significantly in the future (Moore, 2007). However, no matter age-related cognition decline, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia has indeed challenged our society. With 10 million dementia people in China, a conservative estimate of monetary costs of dementia was about US$70 billion (Xu et al., 2017), and the costs will increase dramatically over the coming decades (Jia et al., 2018). However, effective curative medicines are still not available for these neurodegenerative disease(Winblad et al., 2016). It is important to explore non-pharmacological interventions to prevent cognitive disorders in old age.
Machine learning algorithms for the diagnosis of Alzheimer and Parkinson disease
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2023
R S Nancy Noella, J Priyadarshini
AD is the most commonly reported syndrome in all dementia types. It is mainly seen in people aged more than 60. This fatal brain disorder mainly affects the significant parts of the brain like the hippocampus, ventricles and cerebral cortex. This chronic neurodegenerative disease has early symptoms such as difficulty in remembering recent events and problems with language. This condition developed into later symptoms such as disorientation, mood swings, impaired judgement and difficulty in speaking, swallowing and walking. Figure 1 shows the difference between the brain structure in healthy and AD [4].