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Published in Sunil K. Deshmukh, Mandira Kochar, Pawan Kaur, Pushplata Prasad Singh, Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2023
Shweta Gehlout, Ayushi Priyam, Drishti, Luis Afonso, G Aaron Schultze, Pushplata Prasad Singh
NPs are believed to cause cytotoxicity of plant cells through pathways of apoptosis (programmed cell death) (Faisal et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2018). PCD is the genetically regulated process in multicellular eukaryotes which accounts for the elimination of undesirable and injured cells. In plants, PCD has a critical role in the control of developmental processes as well as environmental stress responses (Yamk et al., 2017). The three major forms of programmed cell death include apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and regulated necrosis (or necroptosis) (And6n and Faded’, 2013). Among the number of studies performed to correlate MNP exposure and PCD, one includes the study done for determining the effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on rice plants (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica cv. Nipponbare), which showed the adverse effects of the NPs on protoplasts and leaves through induction of chromatin condensation and ROS accumulation as compared to control treatments in a dose-dependent manner (Shen et al., 2010).
Cellular and Molecular Toxicology of Nanoparticles
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
A. Zielińska, D. Santos, J. R. Campos, A. Santini, P. Severino, A. A. M. Shimojo, S. B. Souto, E. B. Souto
Cell death can occur by two different mechanisms, i.e., necrosis and apoptosis. The apoptosis pathway is more related to the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles [93]. Apoptosis can occur by different mechanisms: (i) by ROS induction, which triggers the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1). TNF and TNFR1 initiate apoptosis by activating procaspase and 8-caspase. It causes the release of cytochrome C, which activates caspase-9 and subsequently activating caspase-3,-6,-7 resulting in apoptosis [56]; (ii) NPs can induce damage in the DNA, which can lead to the activation of the apoptotic protein that migrates to the mitochondria and leads to the release of cytochrome C [93]; (iii) NPs can induce the nitric oxide synthase to produce the nitric oxide, causing LPO of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, the cytochrome C release follows, resulting in cellular apoptosis. It may cause a disturbance of their activity and the alteration of permeability, leading to the dysfunction of this organelle and the cellular apoptosis [7].
Imaging of Cardiovascular Disease
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Aleksandra Kalinowska, Lawrence W. Dobrucki
In every living multicellular organism, programmed cell death is a naturally occurring and vital process, commonly termed as apoptosis. It allows the maintenance of homeostasis and the constant disposal of cells that are no longer needed. However, certain circumstances such as local hypoxia in sites of ischemia may lead to abnormal, increased apoptotic activity, which is a sign associated with many cardiovascular pathologies. As an example, it has been estimated that up to 30% of the injured myocardial tissue undergoes pathological apoptotic activity, making cell death markers an attractive target for molecular imaging. Apart from happening within the myocardium during MI, apoptosis is also associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability, congestive heart failure, and allograft rejection of the transplanted heart.
Effects of X-ray application on infertility in new-born rats
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2023
Salih Çibuk, Handan Mert, Nihat Mert, Oğuz Tuncer, Fikret Altındağ, Kamuran Karaman, Uğur Özdek, İsmet Meydan
Caspases belong to the group of cysteine proteases which cause apoptosis in the target cell and are known as the executioners of apoptosis. Apoptosis is a genetically encoded suicide program that highlights morphological features including cell shrinkage and enhances nuclear disruption following phagocytic clearing (4). During development, apoptosis is common. It plays an important role in removing or shaping from tissues by eliminating unwanted cells (5–7). Apoptosis also helps organogenesis and morphogenesis by providing mechanical power. Conversely, inhibition of apoptosis causes developmental defects such as abnormal heart formation or encephaly. Moreover, dysregulation in cell death signals leads to human diseases including cancer and inflammation. Therefore, caspase-mediated apoptosis development is the basis of the cellular response of homeostasis and pathophysiology (8).
Effective blocking of neuropilin-1activity using oligoclonal nanobodies targeting different epitopes
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Elmira Karami, Maryam Mesbahi Moghaddam, Mahdi Behdani, Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht
In many cases, to achieve better results in diagnosis and treatment, the combination of some nanobodies have been used for treatment purposes. Oligoclonal nanobodies, like polyclonal antibodies, can most likely bind to the target antigen.[16] Oligoclonal nanobodies showed a greater effect on inhibiting angiogenesis than the monoclonal form.[49] In a 2016 study, oligoclonal nanobodies were used to treat cancer. In that study, oligoclonal nanobody was used against HER 2, and it was found that oligoclonal has a significant effect in destroying cancer cells. Cytoplasmic expression was used in that study due to the low efficiency of periplasmic expression.[19] A BL-21 bacterium was used to express oligoclonal nanobodies. The data obtained by flow cytometry showed that the use of oligoclonal nanobody increases the fluorescent intensity compared to the nanobody. The binding activity of nanobodies can also be checked by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry technique is used to evaluate cell indicators including cell death. Examining the rate of cell proliferation is one of the important applications of this technique, which can easily show the rate of cell proliferation.[19,50]
Anti-apoptotic effect of a static magnetic field in human cells that had been treated with sodium fluoride
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Magdalena Kimsa-Dudek, Agnieszka Synowiec-Wojtarowicz, Agata Krawczyk, Celina Kruszniewska-Rajs, Stanisław Gawron, Monika Paul-Samojedny, Joanna Gola
Apoptosis – programed cell death – plays a significance role in many processes, both physiological and pathological. Its function is to remove abnormal or damaged cells. This active process is regulated at many molecular levels and is fundamental to guaranteeing tissue homeostasis. In cells, it can be induced by three major pathways: the extrinsic (receptor), the intrinsic (mitochondrial) or the perforin/granzyme apoptosis pathway.[1] The course of apoptosis is strictly regulated and controlled by specific biochemical processes, which require the expression of many genes and which depends on several specific factors – above all on the pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, including the Bcl-2 family proteins.[2] Programed cell death enables cells to be eliminated without causing any inflammation or damage to the surrounding tissues. However, disturbances in its course could lead to abnormalities in the functioning of cells and, consequently, to the development of diseases. It is believed that disturbances in the apoptosis process contribute to the development of cancer[3], neurodegenerative[4] and autoimmune diseases[5,6] and diseases of the cardiovascular system.[7]