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Basic Chemical Hazards to Human Health and Safety — II
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
Ultimately, teratogenesis leads to functional disorders, malformation, growth retardation, or death. The classical definition of teratogenesis only dealt with abnormal growth, but, being as emotionally charged an issue as cancer is, the latter-day practice is to include functionally as well as structural abnormalities in the definition. Susceptibility of the developing life to a teratogen depends on the stage of develop at the time of the exposure. In the first and second week, for instance, the neural tube (spine and central nervous system) develops. The heritable traits are already locked in at conception, but teratogen attack on the developing embryo can alter the genetic code of soma cells, causing malformation of the neural tube. The two most common manifestations of neural tube malformation are anencephaly and spina bifida, mentioned above. However, each teratogen acts in a specific way. So, if a pregnant woman is exposed to a teratogen that causes malformation of the neural tube after the second week of gestation, the risk to her child is low with respect to the teratogenicity of that chemical. Substances that are carcinogenic or mutagenic are more likely to be teratogenic also, but that must be shown in laboratory testing. However, a common mechanism for both teratogenesis and carcinogenesis is the altering of DNA to produce somatic mutations.
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: An Overview of the Clinical Outcomes and Evidence-Based Archive
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Manjir Sarma Kataki, Ananya Rajkumari, Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
Folate or folic acid is another crucial nutrient which has been considered essential in pregnancy. Folic acid fortification has been victorious in dropping the incidence of neural tube defects during child birth. Earlier, this issue was a grave concern during pregnancy and child birth. Folic acid along with iron supplementation is a must in conceiving women. However, many women capable of becoming pregnant still do not meet the recommended intake for folic acid. A 400 mcg of folic acid is highly recommended for women planning to become pregnant. They can fulfil this folic acid requirement either by taking fortified foods or by supplements. During pregnancy this requirement tends to be 600 mcg daily from all sources. Sources of food folate include beans and peas, oranges and orange juice, and dark-green, leafy vegetables such as spinach and mustard greens.
Recovery of bioactive compounds in citrus wastewater by membrane operations
Published in Alberto Figoli, Jan Hoinkis, Sacide Alsoy Altinkaya, Jochen Bundschuh, Application of Nanotechnology in Membranes for Water Treatment, 2017
Alfredo Cassano, Carmela Conidi, René Ruby-Figueroa
There is strong scientific evidence to support a link between folic acid intake and the prevention of neural tube defects in infants. The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a consumption of about 0.4 mg day−1 by all women of childbearing age, and especially those who are planning a pregnancy.
Modern dietary guidelines for healthy pregnancy; maximising maternal and foetal outcomes and limiting excessive gestational weight gain
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Kirsty Jayne Elliott-Sale, Ashley Graham, Stephanie Jane Hanley, Sherry Blumenthal, Craig Sale
During pregnancy, the need for many micronutrients rises, due to an increased number of red blood cells and greater plasma volume and reduced levels of circulating nutrient-binding proteins and micronutrients (Ladipo, 2000). Despite this, some recent data have suggested that normal pregnancy can still be associated with a decline in the dietary intakes of energy and micronutrients (Goletzke, Buyken, Louie, Moses, & Brand-Miller, 2015). In their study of 566 women participating in the Pregnancy and Glycemic Index Outcomes Study, Goletzke et al. (2015) showed that energy intake decreased in the third trimester of pregnancy and that the dietary intake of folate, iron and fibre was insufficient to meet national recommendations. Gittelsohn, Thapa, and Landman (1997) have shown that inadequate intake, lack of prenatal nutritional knowledge, dietary taboos and restrictions associated with pregnancy and losses or malabsorption caused by pregnancy complications can result in micronutrient deficiencies. Such deficiencies can result in a number of adverse maternal and foetal health outcomes, such as anaemia, resulting in maternal death (Viteri, 1994) or foetal malformations, such as neural tube defects (Gernand, Schulze, Stewart, West Jr, & Christian, 2016).
Association between cooking fuel and folate insufficiency among pregnant women in Northern China
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Shuangbo Xia, Jufen Liu, Jinjuan Zhang, Yushan Du, Jingsong Chen, Lei Jin, Linlin Wang, Xuejuan Zhang, Aiguo Ren
Folate plays an important role in DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. It is also an essential component of intracellular nucleic acid synthesis and is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, especially the formation and maturation of red blood cells (RBCs) (Bailey and Gregory 1999; Crider et al. 2012). Folate insufficiency in women of reproductive age is associated with an increased risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) (WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee 2015; Ebara 2017). To decrease the burden of NTDs in rural populations, the Ministry of Health of China launched a nationwide program in 2009 to increase folic acid intake among women of reproductive age in rural areas (Liu et al. 2015).
Maternal occupation and the risk of neural tube defects in offspring
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2018
Jihye Kim, Peter H. Langlois, Laura E. Mitchell, A. J. Agopian
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common birth defects and include anomalies of the brain (anencephaly) and spine (spina bifida). Several factors have been found to be associated with the risk of NTDs, including infant sex,1 family history of NTDs,2 maternal race/ethnicity,3 obesity,4,5 pregestational and gestational diabetes,6 and insufficient multivitamin/folic acid intake.7,8 However, the majority of risk for NTDs cannot be accounted for by recognized factors.9