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Toxic Responses of the Lung
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Inhalation of any beryllium compound is potentially hazardous. It can produce either acute or chronic beryllium disease. Acute beryllium disease, the acute response to inhaling toxic beryllium compounds, is defined as disease which lasts less than one year, occurs during exposure to beryllium, and includes any of the following: nasopharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, dermatitis, and conjunctivitis. Ulceration may also be present, and nasal septum perforation can occur. For acute disease, the more soluble beryllium compounds, including beryllium fluoride, beryllium sulfate, and ammonium beryllium fluoride, have been implicated as the cause of both upper and lower respiratory abnormalities. In addition, acute pneumonitis has been associated with beryllium oxide, carbide, oxyfluoride, hydroxide, and zinc beryllium silicate. Chronic beryllium disease is caused by inhalation of the fumes of the metal or an alloy containing beryllium, lasts longer than one year, and usually causes both systemic and pulmonary abnormalities. Skin lesions may develop and the lesions are reddish, papulovesicular, and pruritic. Radiological pattern is non-specific, showing an image that resembles sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, mycosis, or other lung disease. Reactions to beryllium are believed to involve the immune system through formation of an antigen by a beryllium ion combining with a protein or other natural body substance. The term berylliosis should not be used as it implies two false conclusions: (1) beryl ore itself causes disease, and (2) beryllium disease is similar to pneumoconiosis.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Inhalation of any beryllium compound is potentially hazardous. It can produce either acute or chronic beryllium disease. Acute beryllium disease, the acute response to inhaling toxic beryllium compounds, is defined as disease which lasts less than 1 year, occurs during exposure to beryllium, and includes any of the following: nasopharyngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, dermatitis, and conjunctivitis. Ulceration may also be present, and nasal septum perforation can occur. For acute disease, the more soluble beryllium compounds, including beryllium fluoride, beryllium sulfate, and ammonium beryllium fluoride, have been implicated as the cause of both upper and lower respiratory abnormalities. In addition, acute pneumonitis has been associated with beryllium oxide, carbide, oxyfluoride, hydroxide, and zinc beryllium silicate. Chronic beryllium disease is caused by inhalation of the fumes of the metal or an alloy containing beryllium, lasts longer than 1 year, and usually causes both systemic and pulmonary abnormalities. Skin lesions may develop and the lesions are reddish, papulovesicular, and pruritic. Radiological pattern is nonspecific, showing an image that resembles sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, mycosis, or other lung disease. Reactions to beryllium are believed to involve the immune system through formation of an antigen by a beryllium ion combining with a protein or other natural body substance. The term berylliosis should not be used as it implies two false conclusions: (1) beryl ore itself causes disease, and (2) beryllium disease is similar to pneumoconiosis.
Clinical Toxicology of Copper
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Sonal Sekhar Miraj, Mahadev Rao
Cu is considered as a respiratory irritant that can cause mucosal irritation of the nose, mouth, and eye (Askergren and Mellgren 1975). Nasal septal perforation can be induced by severe inhalation of Cu dust (Cohen 1974). Symptoms related to metal fume fever such as fever, chills, myalgia, headache, malaise, and dry throat may occur from the inhalation of Cu fumes from various sources. However, the incidence of Cu-induced metal fume fever is very rare due to the requirement of high temperature to generate Cu fumes.
Phycoremediation resultant lipid production and antioxidant changes in green microalgae Chlorella Sp.
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
K. V. Ajayan, C. C. Harilal, M. Selvaraju
In chrome tanning process, toxic metals are dissolved in the wastewater, especially chromium III, which could not be easily eliminated by the ordinary treatment process (Franco et al.2005). The use of chemicals like chromium, pentachlorophenol, and other toxic pollutants increases the risk of dermatitis, ulcer, nasal septum perforation, and lung cancer (Guidotti et al.2008). As there is a strong need for zero waste to preserve the environment, it is mandatory on the part of the tanning industry to reduce the quantum of toxic effluents discharged into the environment (Shashirekha et al.2011).
DNA methylation modifications induced by hexavalent chromium
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2019
Xinnian Guo, Lingfang Feng, Bernardo Lemos, Jianlin Lou
Chromium is a common heavy metal that mainly exists as trivalent and hexavalent forms in the environment. The toxicity of chromium is related to its valence states. Trivalent chromium [Cr (III)] is an essential trace element in humans with a role in maintaining proper glucose, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Cr (III) is available in many daily foods such as some vegetable and animal fats and Cr (III)-containing nutritional supplements can decrease the concentration of glucose in the blood, reduce the level of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein, and help muscle development.1,2 Deficiency of Cr (III) may cause cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other metabolic diseases.3 However, Cr (III) does not easily cross cell membranes. Due to its inability to enter the cells efficiently, a high dose exposure to Cr (III) results in relatively minor toxicity compared to a high exposure to Cr (VI). This is because Cr (VI), as the form as Cr2O72−, can readily enter cells through nonspecific anion channel. Once inside the cells, Cr (VI) is rapidly reduced to Cr (III), generating high concentrations of intracellular chromium which in turn results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are a group of oxygen-containing molecules which have high chemical reactivity due to an unpaired electron.4 Such molecules may harm cellular function and have long been associated with disease pathogenesis.5 The incidence of skin mucosal stimulation, dermatitis, asthma, nasal septum perforation in people exposed to Cr (VI) through swallowing, inhaling, or contacting is significantly higher than in people who have never been exposed to Cr(VI).6 According to estimates by The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), there are millions of workers occupationally exposed to Cr (VI) in a variety of industries, including stainless steel welding, chrome plating, electroplating, leather, printing and dyeing manufacturing process.7 Previous studies indicated that Cr (VI) has significant effects on the health of the occupational populations.6–12 Long term exposure to Cr (VI) can lead to infertility as well as tumors of the larynx, nose, lungs, liver, and kidney.13 Chronic environmental exposure to Cr (VI) compounds has been shown to induce cancers and other diseases in exposed individuals.7 Epidemiological investigations showed that the risk of lung cancer were doubled in workers occupationally exposed to Cr (VI), and in some populations increased by as much as 80 fold.8 Therefore, IARC has identified Cr (VI) as a confirmed human carcinogen.8,9