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Nanoemulsions in Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Ratna Jyoti Das, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Anup Kumar Das, Bhaskar Mazumder
The delivery of vaccines can be done through nanoemulsions. It may be an effective formulation to fight against HIV by developing mucosal immunity, since HIV mainly infects the mucosal immune system (Rodriguez et al., 1999). It is administered via the nose, which is opposed to traditional routes of vaccination. Recent researchers reported that the vaccines administered into the nasal mucosa provide a genital mucosal immunity (Charles and Attama, 2011; Rutvij et al., 2011; Subhashis et al., 2011; Yashpal et al., 2013). Transportation of inactivated organisms to the mucosal surface to produce an immune response can be done by nanoemulsions; an influenza vaccine and a HIV vaccine are currently undergoing clinical trials. The application of nanoemulsion to the mucosal surface causes proteins to be adjuvant and helps in uptake by antigen-presenting cells due to the development of particular immunoglobin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies and cellular immunity, as well as the transport of organisms which are not active to the surface of mucosa for the production of an immune response. Work on animals has showed that influenza can be prevented after mixing nanoemulsions with a single mucosal contact with the virus. Research on nanoemulsions for nasal mucosa demonstrate significant responses to HIV where animals are exposed to recombinant glycoprotein (gp) 120, and thus this nanoemulsion can be giving as a HIV vaccine. Other work on vaccines for anthrax and hepatitis B are ongoing to provide a clear concept in animal trials. The Michigan University has licensed the mentioned technology to NanoBio (Rutvij et al., 2011).
Polymeric Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers
Published in Ijeoma F. Uchegbu, Andreas G. Schätzlein, Polymers in Drug Delivery, 2006
Hervé Hillaireau, Patrick Couvreur
The development of new vaccines is another application of nanotechnologies by the oral route; indeed, the processing by Peyer’s patches of small amounts of antigen may induce mucosal immunity with IgA production. The encapsulation of antigens into microparticles and nanoparticles allows the protection of the antigen after oral administration as well as its delivery to the M cells of Peyer’s patches. This approach has been shown to be feasible with different model antigens for which mucosal immunity with protection against at least two types of infections has been obtained [31,32]. This opens new perspectives for the development of oral vaccines [33].
Effects of 24-week prebiotic intervention on self-reported upper respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and markers of immunity in elite rugby union players.
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
C. Parker, K.A. Hunter, M.A. Johnson, G.R. Sharpe, G.R. Gibson, G.E. Walton, C. Poveda, B. Cousins, N.C. Williams
The mechanisms by which prebiotics reduce URS and GIS is likely to involve the increase of short chain-fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria, such as bifidobacteria. Indeed, elevated faecal SCFA concentrations have been accompanied by enhanced gut epithelial integrity and mucosal immunity (Mariadason et al., 1997; Hernot et al., 2009). B-GOS has previously been shown to encourage the growth of bifidobacteria in the human gut and subsequently confer numerous health benefits such as reduced systemic inflammation and improved immune response in elderly and overweight populations (Vulevic et al., 2008; Vulevic et al., 2013). In the current study, B-GOS increased sIgA secretion rates at day 168 when compared to placebo. This finding is consistent with the notion that positive manipulation of the gut microbiome may support mucosal immunity and salivary IgA production. A sixteen-week intervention of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota maintained salivary IgA during the winter season and reduced URS incidence in active runners (Gleeson et al., 2011). However, our findings contrast with a 12-week supplementation of prebiotic B-GOS in obese individuals, which showed an increase in faecal IgA but not saliva (Vulevic et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the intervention period in that study was only 12-weeks, thus it is possible that changes in sIgA occur between 12 and 24 weeks.
The perinatal period, the developing intestinal microbiome and inflammatory bowel diseases: What links early life events with later life disease?
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2020
Fathalla Ali, Kei Lui, Alex Wang, Andrew S. Day, Steven T. Leach
The microbiota that colonise the human body has a strong relationship with the immune system, regulates immune homeostasis and pathogen clearance (Hooper et al. 2012; Kamada and Nunez 2014). However, the microbiota is also capable of inducing disease, including potentially life-threating disease, if inappropriately exposed to systemic immunity (Koboziev et al. 2014). To prevent disease, mucosal immunity has evolved to both protect the host from the intestinal microbiota and maintain a homeostatic relationship with the intestinal microbiota (Hooper et al. 2012). Therefore, early development of the immune system is needed to guide towards immune regulation that protects the host from pathogens, but also fosters a viable, thriving and complex microbiota community that supplies the host with metabolic benefits.