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Evaluating Performance Benefits of Conditioning Formulations on Human Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Ronald L. Rizer, Monya L. Sigler, David L. Miller
The objective of these studies is to evaluate the efficacy of a moisturizer, usually against a competitive standard, in resolving moderate to severe dry skin. This is accomplished using clinical and bioinstrumentation methods. Approximately 20 to 30 subjects (see Section III.A) with mild to moderate skin dryness are employed per treatment cell. Treatment sites are typically the hands or the legs, but could be other areas of the body such as the face if that were the target of the marketing claim or the category of product being tested. The lateral aspect of the lower leg offers an advantage in that it is a uniform, relatively flat surface allowing bioinstrumentation probes to be easily placed in contact with the skin, and clinical scaling and cracking are easier to grade on the leg. Test products are applied once or twice per day for up to 3 weeks, followed by a no-treatment period (the regression phase). Clinical and bioinstrumentation assessments are typically done at baseline, 2 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks during the treatment phase, and every day or every other day during the regression phase until the dry skin condition has returned to baseline levels. Therapeutic moisturizers resolve dry skin more quickly, and they will maintain good skin condition longer after the discontinuation of treatment compared to nontherapeutic moisturizers; the regression phase of these studies is thus a good way to differentiate between the two.
Methods for Evaluating the Efficacy of Cosmetics Containing Glycerine
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
“Moisturization” encompasses a wide range of biological/biophysical changes in the uppermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC). Kligman defines a moisturizer in operational terms as “a topically applied sub-stance or product that overcomes the signs and symptoms of dry skin” (1). He does not simply equate moisturization with increasing the water content of the skin because it would be a “gross oversimplification.” You will hear this sentiment echoing throughout this chapter. Indeed, the main message here is that it is necessary to use more than one parameter to assess the overall benefit accruing from the use of a product.
A research on dust suppression mechanism and application technology in mining and loading process of burnt rock open pit coal mines
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Xiaoliang Zhao, Xueying Zhao, Fangwei Han, Ziling Song, Dong Wang, Junfu Fan, Zhengzhao Jia, Guiguo Jiang
In order to effectively solve the practical problems of poor wettability and high proportion of respirable dust of burnt rock dust and the large evaporation amount in the Xinjiang burnt rock area, a compound dust suppressant with four functions of wettability, coagulability, moisture absorption, and moisture retention was planned to be developed. According to previous research (Ma et al. 2018; Meng et al. 2019), corresponding to the four functions, three single element chemical reagents were selected, respectively. Among these, the surfactants were, as follows: cationic hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), anionic sodium lignin sulfonate (LS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). Coagulant: sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyacrylamide (PAM). Hygroscopic agent (Gonzalez et al. 2019): sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), soluble starch ([C6H10O5]n), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2). Moisturizer raw material (Zhang et al. 2020): citric acid (CA), triethanolamine (TEOA), and glycerol.