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The Role of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Drug Resistance Cancer
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Sandipan Dasgupta, Anup Kumar Das, Paulami Pal, Subhabrata Ray, Bhaskar Mazumder
Ceramide is a very important molecule in the cell membrane. It also acts as a second messenger in different signaling pathways, including in apoptosis and immune response (Kolesnick and Kronke, 1998; Struckhoff et al., 2004). During radiation and chemotherapeutic treatment, ceramide activates the apoptotic pathway and is also involved in the clustering of the death receptor (CD95) (Gulbins and Grassme, 2002; Kolesnick and Kronke, 1998; Pettus et al., 2002; Schenck et al., 2007). Additionally, ceramide is available in the mitochondrial outer membrane in the permeable channels, which allow the secretion of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome C (Elrick et al., 2006; Siskind, 2005; Siskind et al., 2006). In the mechanism of MDR, the overexpression of glucosylceramide synthase, an enzyme which alters active ceramide into an inactive glucosylceramide, leads to an increase in the threshold of apoptotic cells, a reduction in signaling potential, and a decrease in the amount of intracellular ceramide level (Itoh et al., 2003; Morjani et al., 2001; Senchenkov et al., 2001).
Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Study of Entomology
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Spates et al.61 examined the process by which complex blood lipids are metabolized in the midgut of the adult stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), an obligate blood feeder. TLC analysis of the products of the enzymatic degradation of sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine by midgut homogenates indicated that ceramide was one of the major products of sphingomyelin hydrolysis, and that 1,2-and 1,3-diacylglycerols were major products of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. Miller et al.62 examined the effects of dietary ethanol on phospholipase activity in Drosophila larvae. In vitro and in vivo studies were used to examine the hydrolysis of radiolabeled substrates, and TLC was used to fractionate the reaction products. The isolated components were scraped from the TLC plates and analyzed for radioactivity by scintillation counting. Dietary alcohols were found to reduce phosphatidylcholine levels in the insect, partly through an apparent stimulation of a phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase.
Biosurfactant as an Antimicrobial and Biodegradable Agent a Review
Published in R.Z. Sayyed, Microbial Surfactants, 2022
Recently it has been observed that biosurfactants have attracted the interest of cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries because of their potential use as detergents, wetting, emulsifying, foaming and solubilizing agents, and many other useful applications Marchant and Banat 2012 b. The uses of biosurfactants in these two industries are very wide since they are one of the main essential components in producing products such as shampoo, hair conditioners, soaps, shower gels, toothpastes, creams, moisturizers, cleansers, and many other skin care and healthcare products (Boruah and Gogoi 2013, Chakraborty et al. 2015). It has been reported that the use of chemically based surfactants in cosmetic formulations is one of the most challenging problems due to their potential risk of skin allergy and irritation (Bujak et al. 2015, Nitschke and Costa 2007). However, the excellent characteristics of bio-based surfactants make them an excellent component as a green product for cosmetics (Lee et al. 2017). Recently, it has been found that biosurfactants are very useful for skin moisturizing similar to ceramides, Lee et al. 2017. Ceramides are epidermal lipids important for skin barriers and dryness. The depletion of ceramides in stratum corneum (horny layer) layer of the skin can cause chronic skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and aged skin due to water loss and barrier dysfunction in the epidermis (Meckfessel and Brandt 2014, Tessema et al. 2017). The epidermis consists of four layers, namely stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and the innermost stratum basale. Stratum corneum is the outermost surface layer of the skin that forms a barrier between the external environment and the internal body (Van Smeden et al. 2014). This layer is responsible for maintaining the skin barrier function and preventing excessive water loss from the skin. It has been found that ceramides are effective treating damaged skin, preventing skin roughness, and dryness. Ceramides are sphingolipids (glycosylceramides) that represent about 50% of intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum. Ferreira et al. 2017, discovered that microorganism-based surfactants besides having a good ability as emulsifiers could be applied as ceramides to enhance skin roughness and get rid of ceramide deficiency in the skin. It is also claimed that the combination of biosurfactants in cosmetics such as skin care lotions and moisturizing creams can improve the quality of the product and helps in improving roughness, Ferreira et al. 2017.
Ceramide pathway: A novel approach to cancer chemotherapy
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Masoud Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Sepide Golmohammad
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids with sphingosine as a complex amino alcohol core containing 18 carbons, which together with glycerolipids and sterols, form the major part of the cell membrane structure. Ceramide as ubiquitous sphingolipids is composed of a sphingosine, which is amide-bonded to a fatty acyl chain with different numbers of carbons, ranging from 14 to 26 [16]. Ceramides are one of the major components of the cell membrane and play a key role in protecting the cell from environmental stress [11]. The addition of phosphoethanolamine, monosaccharide or oligosaccharide together with sialic acid to ceramide leads to the formation of sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and ganglioside, which, apart from the structural importance, they play a role as biological markers and the binding agent of extracellular ligands to the receptor [3,17] .
The effect of portulaca oleracea alkaloids on antidiabetic properties through changes in ceramide metabolism
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Hanie roozi, Masuod Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Akram Eidi, Ramezanali Khavari-Nejad
In this study, hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effects were observed in alkaloids E-oleracein and L-oleracein from P. oleracea plant by increasing the stimulation of insulin secretion and glucose uptake, which can help in the recovery process of diabetic patients. Since an increase in ceramide at the cell surface leads to cell death, inhibition of ceramide catabolism can help improve the quality of cancer cell treatment. Because ceramide suppresses the progression of cancer cells, defects in ceramide production and sphingolipid metabolism lead to cancer cell survival and cancer resistance. Therefore, it can be assumed that E-oleracin and L-oleracin in P. oleracea can kill pancreatic cancer cells and maintain the survival of other remaining cells.