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Toxicological Chemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Among the more immediate and readily observed manifestations of poisoning are alterations in the vital signs of temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Poisoning by some substances may cause an abnormal skin color (jaundiced, yellow skin from CCl4 poisoning) or excessively moist or dry skin. Toxic levels of some materials or their metabolites cause the body to have unnatural odors, such as the bitter almond odor of HCN in tissues of victims of cyanide poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning manifested in the eye include miosis (excessive or prolonged contraction of the eye pupil), mydriasis (excessive pupil dilation), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers the front part of the eyeball and the inner lining of the eyelids), and nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eyeballs). Some poisons cause a moist condition of the mouth, whereas others cause a dry mouth. Gastrointestinal tract effects including pain, vomiting, or paralytic ileus (stoppage of the normal peristalsis movement of the intestines) occur as a result of poisoning by a number of toxic substances.
Headache
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
The International Headache Society (2004) criteria for cluster headache requires a severe unilateral orbital or periorbital pain lasting between a quarter of an hour and three hours, occurring between every other day and up to eight times a day, that is not attributable to another cause, with, in addition, at least one of the following ipsilateral features: conjunctival injection and/or lachrymationnasal congestion and/or rhinorrhoeaoedema of the eyelidssweating of the forehead and/or facemiosis and/or ptosisa sense of restlessness.
Toxicological Chemistry
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Among the more immediate and readily observed manifestations of poisoning are alterations in the vital signs of temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Poisoning by some substances may cause an abnormal skin color (jaundiced, yellow skin from CCl4 poisoning) or excessively moist or dry skin. Toxic levels of some materials or their metabolites cause the body to have unnatural odors, such as the bitter almond odor of HCN in tissues of victims of cyanide poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning manifested in the eye include miosis (excessive or prolonged contraction of the eye pupil), mydriasis (excessive pupil dilation), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers the front part of the eyeball and the inner lining of the eyelids), and nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eyeballs). Some poisons cause a moist condition of the mouth, whereas others cause a dry mouth. Gastrointestinal tract effects including pain, vomiting, or paralytic ileus (stoppage of the normal peristalsis movement of the intestines) occur as a result of poisoning by a number of toxic substances.
Effective Monitoring for Early Detection of Hypoxia in Fighter Pilots
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2023
Kosuke Kumagai, Satoshi Maruyama, Takahiro Imamura, Tetsuya Iwamoto, Yoshiki Kanamaru, Masaki Mine, Kunio Takada, Kojiro Wada
Pupil diameter (PD) is controlled by the autonomic nerves, so is a sensitive indicator of the physical condition. Change in PD may provide a direct measure of brain function (Wilson et al., 2008). Activation of the iris sphincter muscle innervated by the parasympathetic nerves causes pupillary constriction (miosis), whereas activation of the iris dilator muscle innervated by the sympathetic nerves causes pupillary dilation (mydriasis). On the other hand, heart rate (HR) is also controlled by the autonomic nerves, and is another sensitive indicator of the physical condition. Rapid exposure to hypoxia will lead to enlarged PD, increased blood pressure (BP) and HR, and decreased SpO2 (Oliveira et al., 2017). However, the relationships between SpO2, BP, HR, and PD during hypoxia have not been clarified.
The association between perceptual-cognitive processes and response time in decision making in young soccer players
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Felippe da Silva Leite Cardoso, José Afonso, André Roca, Israel Teoldo
We defined five different moments related to experimental task that were subsequently used to analyse pupil behaviour. This categorisation aimed to distinguish moments of the perceptual and information processing phases and, thus, indicate more precisely the relation of cognitive effort within experimental protocol. The first moment is the baseline of pupil diameter, represented by M0. This value was obtained from the smallest observed value of the pupil diameter between the end of calibration and the end of the experiment. Baseline pupil size was normalised considering that individual pupil sizes are generally different. Baseline values served as a reference for subsequent observations of miosis and mydriasis behaviours and their intensities. The other four moments were defined during the experimental protocol: M1) Video (phase in which the participant is watching the video); M2) Processing (phase comprising the end of the video and the start of the verbal response); M3) Verbalisation (phase in which the participant is verbally providing his decision) and; M4) Recovery (phase that considers the interval between the end of the participant’s response and the start of the next scene). Pupil diameter data provided by ASL GazeTraker were converted into millimetres following the suggestion of Beatty and Lucero-Wagoner (2000). Subsequently, pupil data were adjusted in blocks according to the aforementioned four moments (Video, Processing, Verbalisation, and Recovery). Pupil diameter means were analysed in each of these moments. Cognitive effort data were displayed in relation to the variation of pupillary diameter in millimetres for each of the four moments. Positive values indicate pupillary dilation (mydriasis), whereas negative values indicate pupillary contraction (miosis).