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Applications
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, Ramesh K. Shah, Bengt Sundén, Zan Wu, Clement Kleinstreuer, Zelin Xu, D. Ian Wilson, Graham T. Polley, John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, Jonathan W. Valvano, David W. Yarbrough, Moncef Krarti, John Zhai, Jan Kośny, Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, Davide Ziviani, Robert F. Boehm, Anthony F. Mills, Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Shankar Narasimhan, Donald L. Fenton, Raj M. Manglik, Sameer Khandekar, Mario F. Trujillo, Rolf D. Reitz, Milind A. Jog, Prabhat Kumar, K.P. Sandeep, Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala, Jun Ma, Pradeep Lall, Harold R. Jacobs, Mangesh Chaudhari, Amit Agrawal, Robert J. Moffat, Tadhg O’Donovan, Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, Alan T. McDonald, Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, K.T. Yang, Martine Rueff, Evelyne Mauret, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, Mariia Sobulska, P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Naveen Tiwari, Rajappa Tadepalli, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Desh Bandhu Singh, G. N. Tiwari
Based on oxygen requirement, microorganisms can be classified into aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and microaerophiles. Aerobes grow in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, whereas anaerobes grow in the absence of atmospheric oxygen. Facultative anaerobes are in between these two extremes and can grow in either the presence or absence of atmospheric oxygen. Microaerophiles require a small amount of oxygen to grow.
Secondary Treatment
Published in David H.F. Liu, Béla G. Lipták, Wastewater Treatment, 2020
Oxidized inorganic compounds such as nitrate and nitrite can function as electron acceptors for some respiratory organisms in the absence of molecular oxygen. The biological treatment processes that exploit these microorganisms are often referred to as anoxic. In addition, those microorganisms that grow best at low molecular oxygen concentrations are termed microaerophiles.
Overview of methodologies for the culturing, recovery and detection of Campylobacter
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Marcela Soto-Beltrán, Bertram G. Lee, Bianca A. Amézquita-López, Beatriz Quiñones
Campylobacter species are commonly reported as a significant cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in developing and industrialized countries (EFSA 2021). Campylobacteriosis has diverse clinical spectra, ranging from acute watery or bloody diarrhea, fever, and cramps. In some cases, Campylobacter infections can subsequently result in the life-threatening autoimmune disorders, Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes (Chiba et al. 1992; van Belkum et al. 2009), or other gastrointestinal conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, esophageal diseases, periodontitis, celiac disease, cholecystitis, and colon cancer (Verdu et al. 2007; Kaakoush et al. 2015). The Campylobacter genus belongs to the family Campylobacteraceae, the order Campylobacterales, and the class Epsilonproteobacteria, which comprises other closely related genera, including Arcobacter, Dehalospirillum and Sulfurospirillum (Vandamme et al. 2015). To date, the Campylobacter genus is currently comprised of 32 officially described and 9 subspecies and 4 biovars (ITIS 2020). Campylobacters are microaerophilic Gram-negative bacteria with a corkscrew-shape, ranging in size from 0.5 to 5 µm in length and 0.2 to 0.9 microns in width. The temperature for optimal growth ranges from 37–42°C for thermotolerant Campylobacter species (C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus, and C. insulaenigrae) (Wassenaar and Newell 2006; Vandamme et al. 2015). Other Campylobacter species, not listed above, are considered non-thermotolerant and have an optimal growth temperature of 37°C. Most species in the Campylobacter genus are fastidious organisms, and growth generally requires microaerophilic conditions.