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Application of Tribology Test for Quality Assessment of Fabric Softeners Based on Cationic Surfactants
Published in Girma Biresaw, K.L. Mittal, Surfactants in Tribology, 2019
Marta Ogorzalek, Tomasz Wasilewski
Based on the literature data [1–6] and previous experience [16,23,24], a model fabric softener formulation was developed, containing commonly used cationic surfactant Bis (acyloxyethyl) hydroxyethyl methylammonium methosulphate (Praepagen TQ from Clariant International Ltd, Muttenz, Switzerland) at a concentration of 5 wt%. This surfactant is classified as a quaternary ammonium salt. The commercial product contains approximately 90 wt% of a cationic surface active agent and 10 wt% of isopropanol. The compound is commonly used mainly because of its relatively low price and high efficiency as a fabric softener. In addition, the formulation contains a preservative (Acticide MBS from Thor GmbH, Speyer, Germany) consisting of benzisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone. The fabric softener was prepared by adding the appropriate amount of the cationic surface active agent Praepagen TQ to water at a temperature of about 50°C. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, allowed to cool with the stirring to below 30°C, and finally the preservative (Acticide MBS) was added. Product was diluted with water used to make aqueous fabric softener solutions at several concentrations (20, 2, 0.2, 0.02, and 0.002 wt%) and tested.
Foundations, Framing, Sheathing, and Vapor Barriers
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Alkaline copper DCOI (ACD) is ACQ-C with the addition of a co-biocide to protect against copper tolerant fungi (i.e., brown rot). This co-biocide is 4,5-dichloro-2-N-coty-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOI). DCOI is chemically similar to methylisothiazolinone which can cause allergic contact dermatitis, and DCOI is alleged to cause skin allergies and chemical burns with constant contact such as worker handling of treated products. As DCOI is a semi-volatile, building material emissions are possible at elevated temperature, but not likely. Thermal decomposition products include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, organic chlorides, aldehydes, amines, ammonia, and copper compounds.
Comparative toxicities of 10 widely used biocides in three freshwater invertebrate species
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2019
Many tropical and subtropical areas have been intensely cultivated and are highly populated; consequently, these regions can be expected to exhibit a large consumption of biocides for industrial and agricultural applications. After use, these biocides can reach aquatic environments and may cause potential harm to aquatic organisms. Three aquatic invertebrate species, the water flea (Daphnia similis), freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica), and green neon shrimp (Neocaridina denticulata), were selected for the present study because they are commonly present in tropical and subtropical aquatic ecosystems. In this study, 10 widely used biocides, namely methylisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone, octylisothiazolinone, dichlorooctylisothiazolinone, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, triclosan, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, climbazole, and clotrimazole, were selected, and their acute toxicities in the selected species were examined.
Quality and safety of South African hand sanitisers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
W. de Bruin, M. C. van Zijl, N. H. Aneck-Hahn, L. Korsten
Table 3 provides a summary of the ingredients as stated on the labels of the 60 products and that were subsequently grouped into categories, i.e. disinfectants, emollients, thickeners, preservatives, surfactants, buffers, fragrances, and dyes. In 33 products, the term “denatured alcohol” (alcohol to which one or more unknown denaturing agents were added to make it unfit for oral use) was listed. The most common alcohol specified was ethanol, followed by isopropanol. Of note are the presence of triclosan in two products and 1-propanol and glutaral in two separate products. Two different quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine digluconate, were recorded. Typical emollients were glycerin (32 out of 60) and propylene glycol (20 out of 60), while other emollients included allantoin, Aloe barbadensis (aloe vera) leaf extract, Butyrospermum parkii (shea butter), polysorbate 20, ethylhexylglycerin, isopropyl myristate, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-40 castor oil, PEG-14 dimethicone, synthetic wax, panthenol (vitamin B5), and tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E). Thirty-five products contained carbomer (polyacrylic acid) as a thickener, and one product’s viscosity was enhanced with xanthan gum. None of the emollients or thickeners are known to produce dermal irritation and are considered safe for topical use. One product contained a UV filter that can provoke ACD, namely benzophenone-4. Altogether 11 products contained preservatives – all of them are considered safe or weak skin sensitisers, except for the two isothiazolinones (methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone) that are common causal agents of ACD. The only surfactants found are mild skin irritants, namely synperonic nonylphenol and polysorbate-60. The most frequently identified buffer was triethanolamine (TEOA) (23 products), while only one product contained a buffer known to induce ACD, namely tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenediamine. Fragrances were very common. Fourteen of the 20 fragrances mentioned are established contact allergens (alpha isomethyl ionone, amyl cinnamal, benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, lilial, citral, citronellol, coumarin, eugenol, geraniol, hydroxycitronellol, lavender oil, limonene and pine oil) with seven of these capable of inducing ACD. In 28 products, the term “parfum” (a fragrance composition, often consisting of 10–100 fragrance ingredients) was listed. Methyl salicylate was the only potentially harmful fragrance. Of the eight different dyes that were found, three were non-irritant and deemed safe for use. The two yellows (sunset yellow and tartrazine) are classified as asthma and allergy inducers, while the blues (sky blue and brilliant blue) may cause long-lasting harmful effects. Three endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) were recorded, namely synperonic nonylphenol, benzophenone-4, and triclosan.