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Assessment of Quercetin Isolated from Enicostemma Littorale Against Few Cancer Targets: An in Silico Approach
Published in A. K. Haghi, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, Lionello Pogliani, Devrim Balköse, Francisco Torrens, Omari V. Mukbaniani, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2017
The presenting symptom may be due to metastatic disease, such as a pathologic fracture of the hip due to a metastasis to the bone Varicocele, the enlargement of one testicle, usually on the left (2% of cases). This is due to blockage of the left testicular vein by tumor invasion of the left renal vein; this typically does not occur on the right as the right gonadal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava. Vision abnormalities, pallor or plethora, Hirsutism—Excessive hair growth (females), constipation and hypertension (high blood pressure) resulting from secretion of renin by the tumor (30% of cases), elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia), Stauffer syndrome—paraneoplastic, non-metastatic liver disease, night sweats and severe weight Loss.
Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Meltem Ocak, Emre Demirci, Jessie R. Nedrow, Rebecca Krimins
In accordance with the American Cancer Society, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer, with rates of incidences tripling since 1980 and the rate of death doubling. Liver cancer, worldwide, is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Patients with unresectable disease have limited options for treatment. Furthermore, underlying diseases (hepatitis B or C, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, etc.) and the role of liver in the metabolism of drugs increases the risk of adverse effect of chemotherapy [14–15], leading to the exploration of alternative therapeutic approaches, such as Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE), for primary liver cancer as well as metastatic tumours located in the liver. TARE selectively targets embolic agents loaded with therapeutic radionuclides (Iodine-131, Yttrium-90, etc.) to tumours through intra-arterial injections. TARE is primarily used for HCC as well as metastatic liver disease, most notably for liver metastases of colorectal cancer. Interventional radiologists are able to use intra-arterial injections for targeted delivery to hepatic tumours by exploiting their preference to derive their blood supply primarily from the hepatic artery while the normal liver is mainly fed by the portal vein [16]. The embolic properties of TARE agents allow them to become trapped in the vasculature of the targeted tumours, embolizing the tumour with a radiotherapeutic. Microspheres and Lipiodol are the two main types of embolic agents that are modified to be used in TARE. The TARE approach allows for a greater dose to be delivered to hepatic tumours as compared to external beam irradiation, where the dose is more limited due to radiation induced toxicities [17, 18].
Recent Progress in Polymer Therapeutics as Nanomedicines
Published in Dan Peer, Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine, 2021
Sahar Israeli Dangoor, Shani Koshrovski Michael, Hemda Baabur-Cohen, Liora Omer, Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
The first polymer–drug conjugate to enter clinical trials was PK1, a HPMA copolymer-DOX conjugate [133]. DOX is one of the most potent and commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. It belongs to the anthracycline family of antibiotics, has a wide range of antitumor activity, and is effective in the treatment of carcinomas of the breast, lung, thyroid, ovary, soft tissue sarcomas, and other types of cancer [134, 135]. However, anthracycline therapy is associated with significant general organ dose-limiting toxicities, especially life-threatening cardiac toxicity [136]. PK2, which is the relative conjugate of PK1, possesses an additional targeting residue—a galactosamine group that is the ligand for asialoglyoprotein. PK2 was designed with the aim of improving treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver disease. In early phase I/II clinical trials, both PK1 and PK2 displayed reduced twofold to fivefold anthracycline toxicity, and the dose-limiting toxicities were typical of the anthracyclines, which included febrile neutropenia and mucositis. Despite high cumulative doses of DOX, no cardiotoxicity was observed. Furthermore, no signs of immunogenicity or polymer related toxicity were observed [133, 137]. PK1 was tested in a phase II clinical trial, for the treatment of breast and colorectal carcinomas and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It showed tumor accumulation of the conjugate in only a small subset of patients, and only marginal anti-tumor activity in breast cancer and NSCLC patients. No activity against colorectal cancer was observed [125, 138–141]. These results were not compelling enough to encourage additional investment, and the development of PK1 was abandoned [125, 138–140]. In a phase II clinical trial of PK2, it showed antitumor response in only several hepatocellular carcinoma patients (3 out of 31), and high accumulation in the healthy tissue compared to the tumor. Therefore, its clinical development was terminated during phase II evaluation [125, 138–141]. DOX was also conjugated to dextran and tested clinically (phase I) [21]. However, this study was not continued, probably due to the reduced biodegradability of the conjugated dextran [142].
Technology of irreversible electroporation and review of its clinical data on liver cancers
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Emil I. Cohen, David Field, George Emmett Lynskey, Alexander Y. Kim
Treatment options for difficult-to-treat primary or metastatic liver disease continue to expand. Radiation treatment of HCC, whether by radioembolization or external beam therapy, has emerged as an alternative to ablative therapy. In recent years, subselective radioembolization also has gained popularity for the treatment of focal tumors with complete control reported to be between 47% [31] and 95% [32].