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Current Use and Future Promise of Genetic Engineering
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind. The metabolome represents the collection of all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes. While mRNA gene expression data and proteomic analyses do not tell the whole story of what might be happening in a cell, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell. A related term sometimes used and of great importance in toxicology is metabonomics. Metabonomics extends metabolic profiling to include information about perturbations of metabolism caused by environmental factors (including diet and toxins), disease processes, and the involvement of extragenomic influences, such as gut microflora. As to instrumentation, the field of Metabolomics is usually relying on mass spectrometry, whereas metabonomics is more associated with NMR spectroscopy.
In Pursuit of Total Exposure Health
Published in Kirk A. Phillips, Dirk P. Yamamoto, LeeAnn Racz, Total Exposure Health, 2020
Although still evolving as a science compared to other more mature omics, metabolomics has found application in disease profiling, personalized medicine (e.g., drug discovery and drug assessment), toxicology, agriculture, and the environment. For its continued maturation, there are a few objectives that need to be met: (1) improvement in the comprehensive coverage of the metabolome, (2) standardization between laboratories and metabolomics experiments, and (3) enhancement of the integration of metabolomics data with other functional genomic information. The NIH (2012) funding mentioned previously was an effort to increase metabolomics research capacity by funding various initiatives in the area, to include training, technology development, standards synthesis, and data sharing capability for the field.
Current Use and Future Promise of Genetic Engineering
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind. The metabolome represents the collection of all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes. While mRNA gene expression data and proteomic analyses do not tell the whole story of what might be happening in a cell, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell. A related term sometimes used and of great importance in toxicology is metabonomics. Metabonomics extends metabolic profiling to include information about perturbations of metabolism caused by environmental factors (including diet and toxins), disease processes, and the involvement of extragenomic influences, such as gut microflora. As to instrumentation, the field of Metabolomics is usually relying on mass spectrometry, whereas metabonomics is more associated with NMR spectroscopy.
Non-targeted metabolomics in sport and exercise science
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Liam M. Heaney, Kevin Deighton, Toru Suzuki
Metabolites are defined as “low molecular weight organic and inorganic chemicals which are the reactants, intermediates or products of enzyme-mediated biochemical reactions” (Dunn, Broadhurst, Atherton, Goodacre, & Griffin, 2011, p. 387), with the term “metabolome” used to describe the complete array of these metabolites found secreted by a living cell/organism (Nicholson & Wilson, 2003). The study of the metabolome, metabonomics, was first described as “the quantitative measurement of the dynamic multiparametric metabolic response of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modification” (Nicholson, Lindon, & Holmes, 1999, p. 1181). In addition to metabonomics where measurements are made of metabolites that are present from metabolic responses in multicellular systems, for example, metabolites released by commensal and symbiotic organisms, metabolomics involves measurements of metabolites directly connected to genetic, metabolic and protein-driven processes (Nicholson & Wilson, 2003). These metabolites may be present in tissues, biofluids (e.g., plasma/serum and urine) and/or in volatilised form in exhaled breath gases. The premise of metabolomics is that small molecule metabolites measured in a biological medium report on the physiological state, or changes in response to an intervention, occurring within that organism.
An overview of the current progress, challenges, and prospects of human biomonitoring and exposome studies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Mariana Zuccherato Bocato, João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez, Christian Hoffmann, Fernando Barbosa
The metabolome forms the set of all small molecules involved in chemical reactions that maintain cell and organ functioning. Alterations made in the human genome (genetic material), epigenome (a chemical compound that directs the genome to act) and proteome (the set of proteins expressed by the genome) are readily detected in the metabolome. While the human genome applies to the whole body, every organ system is designed to have a different metabolome.
Plant responses to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a molecular perspective
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Ayesha Karamat, Rouzbeh Tehrani, Gregory D. Foster, Benoit Van Aken
Most metabolomic studies on plants exposed to PFAS have focused mostly on known metabolites (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids). Advances in mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and multivariate statistical analysis have recently allowed to perform nontargeted metabolomics, allowing characterization of the whole-plant metabolome, potentially including unknown metabolites and new signaling molecules.