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Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The adrenal glands have a central medulla and peripheral cortex, which have different functions. The medulla produces the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system, in order to prepare the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response. The outer cortex produces steroid hormones of which there are two classes: the corticosteroids control a range of body functions including the metabolism of carbohydrate and protein, response to stress, immune response and homeostasis (maintenance of internal chemical environment); the mineralocorticoids (principally aldosterone) are essential for control of serum sodium and potassium levels and are a key part of the hormonal mechanism controlling blood pressure. The adrenal glands also produce small amounts of male and female sex hormones, but their contribution is minor compared to that of the ovaries and testes.
Movement Control (Muscular Physiology)
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
The brain has numerous parts with different functions, but it has four major regions:The cerebrum is composed of the right and left cerebral hemispheres with different functions. The frontal lobe is the center for the intellect and motor control. The temporal lobe is the auditory center. The parietal lobe is the sensory information center. The occipital lobe is the visual input and its interpretation center.The diencephalon is comprised of the thalamus and hypothalamus and is located in the middle of the brain. The thalamus is a sensory integration center. The hypothalamus has many functions but the most important is regulating the homeostasis of the body.The cerebellum has the role of coordinating movement.The brain stem is comprised of the midbrain, the pons, and medulla oblongata. Among many functions, the brain stem is the connection site between the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal cord is connected to the medulla oblongata and has the function of carrying sensory and motor fibers between the brain and the end organs.
Smart Textile-Based Interactive, Stretchable and Wearable Sensors for Healthcare
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Abbas Ahmed, Bapan Adak, Samrat Mukhopadhyay
In critical care unit, respiration supervision is one of the crucial tasks by which patients’ mortality rate and need for ventilation can be prognosticated. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata together with other autonomic functions. Respiratory system sends information of the oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide exchange and the volume of inhaled air (Folke et al. 2003, Quandt et al. 2015). Several approaches have been adopted for respiration monitoring and the common sensors can respond to the flow of breath, while the expansion and contraction of the chest during breathing can be monitored by textile based sensors. Strain sensor can provide information of these motion activities and the obtained data can be exploited for respiration rate supervision.
Advanced 4D-bioprinting technologies for brain tissue modeling and study
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2019
Timothy J. Esworthy, Shida Miao, Se-Jun Lee, Xuan Zhou, Haitao Cui, Yi Y. Zuo, Lijie Grace Zhang
The brain is anatomically partitioned into four interconnected tissue subsystems and is composed of an estimated 86 billion neurons, and some 85 billion non-neuronal cells [46,47]. In brief, the general tissue subsystems of the brain include the cerebrum (which is divided into two cerebral hemispheres), the brainstem, the diencephalon, and the cerebellum [46]. The brainstem is comprised of 3 main parts: (i) the midbrain (mesencephalon), which is associated with motor functioning; (ii) the pons, which encompasses several cranial nerve nuclei and serves as an important conduit for bidirectional neural tracts; and (iii) the medulla, which largely functions to regulate vital processes such as heart contraction and breathing [46,48]. The cerebellum or ‘little-brain’ is located adjacent to the brainstem in the posterior cranial fossa. Its distinctive exterior is composed of many fine grooves of undulating tissue known as folia, and as a whole, is largely associated with motor control and muscle memory [46,48]. The forebrain is composed of both the cerebrum and the diencephalon. The diencephalon houses both the thalamus, which serves as a cortical relay, and the hypothalamus, which largely works to modulate autonomic functions such as the regulation of body temperature [46,48]. The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and is divided into two, non-symmetrical hemispheres which entail the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala [46,48–50].
Food restriction alters salivary cortisol and α-amylase responses to a simulated weightlifting competition without significant performance modification
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Alexandre Durguerian, Edith Filaire, Catherine Drogou, Clément Bougard, Mounir Chennaoui
Sports training and competitive situations are known to influence the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, inducing a release of cortisol and activating energy-delivering processes (Hellhammer, Wüst, & Kudielka, 2009; Viru & Viru, 2004). Under chronic stress conditions, a blunted activity of the HPA axis has been observed (Pruessner, Hellhammer, & Kirschbaum, 1999). Stress also induces a stimulation of the sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) system (Ali & Pruessner, 2012). Salivary α-amylase (sAA), which is an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose, has been recognised as a reliable indicator of SAM system activity (Nater & Rohleder, 2009). Thus, after physical exercise, sAA activity increases. Such a response has been interpreted as an increase in SAM activity to sustain higher energy requirements, as well as increased enzymatic activity to allow for a greater supply of glucose (Kivlighan & Granger, 2006; Nater & Rohleder, 2009). Recently, it was suggested that the physiological response to stress is regulated by coordination between both physiological systems and can be measured through the amylase over cortisol ratio (AOC) (Ali & Pruessner, 2012). Chronic and/or intense psychophysiological solicitations have been shown to induce a dissociation of this physiological coordination (Ali & Pruessner, 2012; Filaire, Ferreira, Oliveira, & Massart, 2013; Filaire, Massart, Hua, & Le Scanff, 2015) and have been linked to a reduced performance level (Chennaoui et al., 2016).