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Vectored vaccines
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Zeyu Yang, Kumar Subramaniam, Amine Kamen
The standard VSV particle is a bullet-shaped, single-strand, negative-sense RNA virus with 65 × 180 nm. The viral genome is about 11 kilobases, which encodes five major viral proteins including nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and the viral polymerase (L) [65]. The N protein associates to form viral nucleocapsid for genomic RNA, which serves as functional template for viral replication and transcription. This protein is also the most abundant protein expressed in infected cells. The M protein is the main protein in the VSV particle. The M protein has various functions in infected cells. This protein can regulate the viral transcription, inhibit the gene expression of host cells, and contribute to virus budding. The P and L genomic motifs associate to express the viral RNA polymerase with the functions of transcriptase and replicase. The G protein is a transmembrane glycoprotein on the virus surface with a trimeric spike-like structure. The G protein is responsible for virus attachment to the receptors of host cells.
Nanosensors for Homeland Security
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Ibarlucea et al. (2017, 2018) fabricated a FET biosensor for the Ebola virus. The FET uses a honeycomb pattern of Si nanowires (Figure 12.27(a)). It is modified with antibodies to capture the VP40 matrix protein of Ebola (Figure 12.27(b)). When the experiment is started, a VGAP = 1.5 V is opened by applying a bias to the reference electrode (Figure 12.27(c)). In the presence of the VP40 matrix protein of the Ebola virus (Figure 12.27(d)), the initially opened VGAP is altered depending on the protein concentration (Figure 12.27(e)). By adjusting the reference electrode voltage, the gap is restored to its initial value. The necessary voltage applied for restoring the gap to its initial value is a measure of the VP40 matrix protein concentration. By this method, it is possible to detect femtomolar concentrations of the Ebola protein.Silicon nanowire FET biosensor for the Ebola virus: (a) the sensing platform; (b) and (c) the platform with antibody immobilization, and its current-voltage characteristics; (d) and (e) the platform with antibody-Ebola virus, and its current-voltage characteristics, with calibration procedure in memristor mode. (Ibarlucea et al. 2017, 2018.)
Immunotherapy and Nanovaccines
Published in Sourav Bhattacharjee, Principles of Nanomedicine, 2019
VLPs were used as vaccines against human papilloma virus (HPV), with the major capsid protein L1 as an antigen; against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with envelope cDNA/pr45/ fms-like tyrosine kinase as the antigen; and against influenza virus, with hemagglutinin/nicotinamide/M1 matrix protein as the antigen [104–115]. These vaccines are administrable via oral, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intranasal routes. The loading of these VLPs for HPV (55–60 nm), HIV (100–200 nm), and H1N1 (80–120 nm) was 20–80 μg, 50 μg, and 10 μg of H1N1, respectively. Clinical trials have generated satisfactory results for VLP-based anti-influenza vaccine, including against the H5N1 subtype. A VLP-based vaccine against Chikungunya virus is also being developed [116]. VLP nanovaccines were shown to induce a strong T-cell-mediated immune response along with increased secretion of IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-10 [117–119].
The hemostatic effect and wound healing of novel collagen-containing polyester dressing
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Collagen and polyester are two biocompatible and biodegradable materials that have been extensively studied. Collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix protein and essential component of connective tissues. Polyester, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), has excellent mechanical properties, making it an attractive material for tissue engineering. Collagen-polyester composite materials have been investigated as a promising approach for wound healing and regeneration. A study by Chen et al. (2020) reported that a collagen-PCL scaffold could significantly promote the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and accelerate wound healing in rats [23]. The authors also found that the scaffold enhanced angiogenesis and collagen deposition, indicating improved tissue regeneration. In another study by Xu et al. (2021), a collagen-PCL scaffold loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was evaluated for bone tissue regeneration [24]. The authors demonstrated that the scaffold could induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and promote bone formation in vivo, suggesting its potential use in bone tissue engineering.