China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Applications of Ultrasonics Based on Chemical Effects—Sonochemistry
Published in Dale Ensminger, Leonard J. Bond, Ultrasonics, 2011
Dale Ensminger, Leonard J. Bond
Yields of alkaloids increase under the influence of ultrasound. Periods of maceration are 30–60 min. Also, yields obtained during continuous solvent extraction are greater than those obtained by conventional means [98]. A French patent has been issued [99], which claims that higher yields of sugar juice are obtained from sugar beets when the beets are subjected to an initial compression and sudden decompression followed by an ultrasonic disruption of cells. Ultrasonics at low frequencies can increase the yield of bitter substances from hops in aqueous suspension [100,101]. Increased yields of cottonseed oil [102] and of adrenaline from ground adrenals [103] have been claimed to result from the application of ultrasound. Vaisman et al. [104] claimed a 10% increase in the amount of extracted alkaloids and glycosides from belladonna leaves and lily of the valley when ultrasonics at 80 kHz and 2.5 W/cm2 was applied for 1 hour, as compared with the extracts prepared by the percolation method.
A review of wound dressing materials and its fabrication methods: emphasis on three-dimensional printed dressings
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
S. Pravin Kumar, Yuvasri Asokan, Keerthana Balamurugan, B. Harsha
Hafezi et al. 3D printed a wound dressing made of chitosan and genipin [32]. Plasticisers like glycerol or polyethylene glycol were added. The optimum amount of plasticisers should be used as an excessive amount of plasticisers result in the accumulation of exudate and which could result in maceration of the skin. It was found that plasticised films exhibit high swelling which is critical for absorbing the excess exudate at the same time allowing appropriate amounts of moisture that facilitates cell migration. Maintaining moisture balance is very important. Moisture imbalance can cause delayed wound healing which would also increase the treatment costs. Therefore it becomes important to choose dressings made of materials with water-absorbing properties. Cereceres et al. designed a 3D printed hydrogel loaded with Gallium malonate [110]. It was observed that the scaffolds showed an increased water uptake and exhibited less dimensional changes. Appropriate dressing is chosen mainly by the ability of dressing to achieve the appropriate exudate levels that promote healing.
The Effects of Ozone-Enriched Storage Atmosphere on Pesticide Residues and Physicochemical Properties of Table Grapes
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2019
Beside the quality parameters investigated in this study, other characteristics of grapes can also be affected by gaseous ozone treatments. For instance, berry firmness was reported to increase after ozone treatments (Admane et al. 2014; Duarte-Sierra et al. 2015) and it might positively affect the postharvest life of table grapes. Likewise, Laureano et al. (2016) showed that ozone gas treatment (30 μL L−1, for 24 h) was effective in increasing skin hardness of wine grapes. According to the authors, increases in skin hardness might be related to higher yields and slow extraction kinetics of phenolics during maceration process. On the other hand, there are some contradictions among the results of the studies concerning the effects of ozone on bioactive components of the grapes. Ozone induced an increase in stilbenoid biosynthesis in table grapes (González-Barrio et al. 2006; Sarig et al. 1996), but did not activate stilbene production in wine grapes (Valletta et al. 2016). Likewise, it was observed that hydroxycinnamic acids in the grapes decreased (Carbone and Mencarelli 2015) and increased (DeSanctis et al. 2013) in response to ozone gas treatments. Similar conflicting results were also reported for volatile organic compounds (Cravero et al. 2016; DeSanctis et al. 2013; Segade et al. 2017). It is clear that many factors including partial dehydration (also observed in the present study) might play a role in varying responses of the fruit-to-ozone treatments.
The effect of cushion properties on skin temperature and humidity at the body-support interface
Published in Assistive Technology, 2018
Tzu-Wen Hsu, Shu-Yu Yang, Jung-Tai Liu, Cheng-Tang Pan, Yu-Sheng Yang
In the present study, a 10%–20% increase in RH was measured at the skin-cushion interface within 2 hours (Table 2). This was probably mainly due to sweating and was likely aggravated due to insufficient airflow at the interface. Moisture softens the skin and causes skin condition to deteriorate. Maceration, which is the softening of the stratum corneum, is the most common cause of skin breakdown due to moisture. In a study by Wildnauer et al. (1971), the tensile strength of the stratum corneum decreased by 85% with an increase in RH from 0% to 100%. In addition, excessive moisture can significantly increase the skin’s coefficient of friction (Gerhardt et al., 2008), which may increase the likelihood of skin damage from friction and shear stresses.