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Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling within 3D Tissue Models
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Stephen L. Rego, Tian McCann, Didier Dréau
TNFα (also referred to as TNF as TNFβ is now commonly denoted as lymphotoxin) resides at the apex of inflammatory signaling (Locksley et al. 2001). TNF is secreted primarily by monocytes; however, it is also expressed by a number of other immune and nonimmune cell types (Dreau et al. 2000). Responses elicited by TNF include apoptosis, cachexia, inflammation, and inhibition of tumorigenesis (Aggarwal et al. 2012). TNF acts by binding to one of its two cognate receptors; TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, where both lead to activation of downstream signaling cascades (outlined in Section 2.3) (Henkler et al. 2003; Wajant et al. 2003).
The Human Immune System Seen from a Biomedical Engineering Viewpoint
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
TNFβ, or lymphotoxin, is made by activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. It binds to the same receptor sites as TNFα. It has similar properties to TNFα and induces apoptosis in many types of virally infected cells, tumor cells, and damaged cells. Certain endotoxins, such as that from staphylococcus bacteria, cause high production of TNFs, which contributes to the onset of toxic shock syndrome. Chronic high production of TNFs may be responsible for the cachexia observed in many chronic parasitic infections and some cancers.
Lymphotoxin-α C804A polymorphism and the presence of simple endometrial hyperplasia in Egyptian women
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Lymphotoxin-α is defined as a pro-inflammatory cytokine belong to the TNF family cytokine with tumor-cell-specific cytotoxic activity, which plays an important role in the inflammatory and immunologic response [15]. LT-α is formed as a product of stimulated T and B lymphocytes [16, and 17], and it can stimulate immune system through stimulating communication between lymphocytes and stromal cells and subsequently eliciting cytotoxic effects on cancer cells [18,19].