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Enzyme Kinetics and Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a cancer of the blood forming cells in the bone marrow resulting in an overproduction of B-lymphocytes that proliferate uncontrolled and crowd out normal cells. If chromosome 17 or the tumor suppressor gene 53 (TP53) bear mutations (e.g., 17p deletions; for a TP53 gene mutation analysis see Minervini et al., 2016) the prognosis is particularly poor. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is essential for normal B-cell development but also plays a major role in both B-cell-mediated autoimmune inflammation and B-cell malignancies (Puri et al., 2013). Inhibitors of this pathway targeting the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase isoform p110delta (PI3Kδ) are promising treatment options. Examples are Ibrutinib as monotherapy and Idelalisib in combination with Rituximab (next scheme). These inhibitors promote apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, and also prevent CLL cells from responding to survival stimuli provided by the microenvironment. Idelalisib is a second-line drug for patients with relapsed CLL, and is also approved for the treatment of follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and relapsed small lymphocytic lymphoma. Ibrutinib acts by interacting with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, whereas Idelalisib inhibits PI3Kδ (Pongas and Cheson, 2016; Greenwell et al., 2017; Barrientos, 2016). First direct in vivo measurements demonstrating inhibition of CLL cell proliferation and promotion of high rates of CLL cell death by ibrutinib have been reported by Burger et al. (2017).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia) is a malignant cancer that develops in a person’s white blood cells, called lymphocytes. White blood cells are used by the body to ward off disease and infection. ALL is rare among adults, but is the prevalent form of leukemia in children. Nearly 85% of leukemia in children is ALL. In adults, the disease may be related to genetics or exposure to solvents containing benzene. In people that develop ALL (and other types of acute leukemia), white blood cells do not grow properly. Because of some change or damage to their genetic material or DNA that scientists do not fully understand, the cells are prevented from growing beyond a certain point early in their development, and they cannot differentiate into functional types of white cells. Long-term exposure to benzene increases the risks of getting cancer, however cancer linked to benzene has been discovered in people exposed for less than 5 years. Workers exposed for decades are at increased risk for these rare forms of leukemia and long-term exposure may also adversely impact on bone marrow and blood production. Still other workers have been diagnosed with aplastic anemia, a group of disorders that prevent the bone marrow from producing all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
A Comparison of Different Bayesian Models for Leukemia Data
Published in American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences, 2022
Maria Rafique, Sajid Ali, Ismail Shah, Bilal Ashraf
Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that starts within the bone marrow and results in high numbers of abnormal blood cells, which generate tumors that influence the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid system. These abnormal blood cells are called impacts or leukemia cells. The general symptoms of leukemia include, feeling tired, fever, an expanded hazard of contaminations, and bruising. These symptoms happen due to the need of regular blood cells to the body and can be detected by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy. The exact cause of leukemia is still unknown. A combination of hereditary variables and natural (non-inherited) components are thought to play a part. Hazard variables like smoking, ionizing radiation, a few chemicals (such as benzene), earlier chemotherapy, and down disorder are also thought to play role in the development of this disease. Individuals with a family history of leukemia are at higher risk of this disease. There are four main types of leukemia: (i) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), (ii) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), (iii) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and (iv) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
Automatic Detection of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Using UNET Based Segmentation and Statistical Analysis of Fused Deep Features
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2021
S Alagu, Ahana Priyanka N, Kavitha G, Bhoopathy Bagan K
Acute lymphocytic leukemia is a cancer in white blood cells. It can be easily cured by detecting the disease at the early stage. The proposed system is helpful to clinicians to identify the cancer cells. The highlights of the work are given below: About 198 microscopic blood smear images of white blood cells were obtained from online public database.Deep features are extracted using CNN models such as AlexNet, GoogleNet and SqueezeNet.The robust features are selected by mutual information and mRmR based feature selection methods.The redundant features are eliminated in a recursive feature elimination method.The intersected features of both healthy and blast cells are identified and fused.The statistical analysis of fused features is carried out by ANOVA test.The proposed system with transfer learning fused features and SVM classifier with RBF kernel gives better accuracy.The performance of the proposed system is compared with other state of art methods using various performance measures such as accuracy, precision, recall, specificity and F1-score
Construction and evaluation of wild and mutant ofatumumab scFvs against the human CD20 antigen
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Reza Maleki, Azam Rahimpour, Masoumeh Rajabibazl
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative malignancy that develops from malignant B-lymphocyte clonal growth. In this malignancy, males are more likely to be affected than females and also it is known to be the most common leukemia in the Western regions among adults.[1]