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Designing for Hand and Wrist Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Dorsal skin is thin and less wear resistant than palmar skin. It is supple and elastic with subcutaneous layers of loose connective tissue and minimal adipose tissue between the skin and deep structures. This framework accommodates marked changes in surface area as the hand and fingers flex. Observe your dorsal hand skin as you make a fist. Note how your skin moves as your hand shape changes. Place your hand flat on a table and notice the wrinkles over your PIP joints. Then curl your fingers into a fist and watch the wrinkles stretch over the joints. The slack skin allows flexion motion. As the knuckle skin smooths out with flexion, the PIP joint circumference decreases slightly, a fact that helps a ring slide over the joint. The skin from the wrist to the nail base lengthens about 3 cm (1.2 in.) with the hand fully flexed (Yu et al., 2004, p. 77).
Micro-/Nanotech-Based Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Dental pulp is a loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.34 In the fibrous matrix, collagen fibers, type I and III, are present in an unbundled and randomly dispersed fashion, higher in density around blood vessels and nerves, provide sufficient toughness and tensile strength to the matrix. Elastic fibers with high elasticity are interconnected with collagen fibers.35 A collagen I–collagen III–elastic polymer composite scaffold may promote dental pulp regeneration. For example, poly(1,8-octanediol-co-citrate) (POC) is a soft scaffold and yet can recover from deformation. In vitro and in vivo evaluation using cell culture and subcutaneous implantation, respectively, confirmed cell and tissue compatibility.34,36 POC has been used in regeneration of blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments and may find its application in dental pulp regeneration.
Probe Sensors
Published in Kitsakorn Locharoenrat, Linear and Nonlinear Optics, 2021
The structure of turbid tissue, including human tissue, mainly consists of three main components (Fig. 6.1): Skin is the outer layer covering the human body and is composed of epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. It protects the body against pathogens and excessive water loss.Adipose tissue is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of fat cells. It is located beneath the human skin. Its key function is to store the energy in lipid form.Muscles tissue is composed of three sub-tissues that are capable of contraction and relaxation to produce the movement of human body parts. Skeletal muscle tissue is a form of striated muscle tissue, which is voluntarily controlled by the somatic nervous system. Most of them are connected to the bones by tendons.Cardiac muscle tissue is a form of striated muscle tissue, which is the main tissue of walls of the heart.Smooth muscle tissue is a form of non-striated muscle tissue mostly found in the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and uterus.
SIS membrane modification to improve antimicrobial and osteogenic properties for guide bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Zihao Liu, Xinying Yu, Beibei Ma, Yilin Yang, Yuzhu Mu, Xuemei Lu, Minting Li, Wei Jing, Pengfei Wei, Shiqing Ma, Bo Zhao, Jiayin Deng
It can be seen from Figure 7C that at 8 weeks after surgery, the skull defect in the blank group was filled with thin fibrous tissue and fewer cells, and there was no evident hyperplasia. However, the SIS@CS-JH8194 filled skull defect showed a large area of red staining, and loose connective tissue morphology, indicating the formation of new bone. Bone requires collagen as a constituent. The ECM produced by osteoblasts, which contains type I collagen, can gradually transform from amorphous to crystalline, thereby stimulating osteogenesis [41, 42]. Furthermore, mineralization is an essential mechanism for osteoblasts to stimulate bone growth. Collagen acts as a template and can trigger and spread mineralization [41]. As a result, collagen content is intimately linked to bone development [41]. We also used Masson’s trichrome to examine the histology morphology of the newly formed bone (Figure 7D). There was almost no collagen formation in the blank control group and no clear signals of new bone growth. However, SIS, SIS-JH8194, and SIS@CS-JH8194 all had a certain degree of blue collagen matrix. Especially, SIS-JH8194 and SIS@CS-JH8194 displayed rich blue collagen matrix.
3D printing technology and applied materials in eardrum regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Haolei Hu, Jianwei Chen, Shuo Li, Tao Xu, Yi Li
The ear is divided into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The TM is an oval and translucent membranous structure between the tympanic chamber of the middle ear and external auditory canal (Figure 1) [4]. The eardrum has three layers (Figure 2): the outermost layer is a flat epithelium containing keratinocytes; the intermediate layer is composed of fibroblasts, type II collagen, and type III collagen (lamina propria) to maintain the mechanical strength, density, and elasticity of the eardrum; the inner layer is a mucosal layer without keratinocytes. The tympanum consists of two regions: relaxation and tension. The tension region is where most tympanic perforations occur. The difference between the tension and relaxation regions lies in the composition of the lamina propria, which has different functions. The middle layer of the lamina propria in the tension region of the TM is composed of type III collagen, as well as type I and type II collagen, while the outer layer is composed of type II collagen, loose connective tissue, and a small amount of elastic fibers in the lamina propria of the tension region. Eardrum function depends largely on its special structure; hence, changes in the eardrum structure (such as perforation of the eardrum) can lead to conductive hearing loss.
Formulation and evaluation of niosomes-based chlorpheniramine gel for the treatment of mild to moderate skin allergy
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Urooj Afreen, Khairi Mustafa Fahelelbom, Syed Nisar Hussain Shah, Akram Ashames, Uzma Almas, Shujaat Ali Khan, Muhammad Arfat Yameen, Naveed Nisar, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad, Ghulam Murtaza
Normal rabbit skin after selection of appropriate portion, staining with haematoxylin, and eosin (H&E), and visualising under low, and high magnification powers (i.e. 10× and 40×) of optical microscope displayed prominent histopathological alterations (Figure 8a) showing regular and symmetrical arrangement of all layers and cells. Histopathological study of normal skin showed, symmetrical and smooth surfaced lamina propria with symmetrical collagen fibres, and glands along with their normal secretions of eosinophilic leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts and collagen fibres were found to make a regular network of loose connective tissue covering lamina propria, and performing function by mechanism of diffusion through capillaries to supply nutrients, and oxygen to the cells and to remove carbon dioxide, and water from cell being in accordance with findings of normal skin histology by Javed [26].