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Chapter 11: Applications And Characterization Of Radiolabeled Or Magnetizable Nano- And Microparticles For Res, Lymph, And Blood Flow Studies
Published in Alan Rembaum, Zoltán A. Tökés, Micro spheres: Medical and Biological Applications, 2017
Strand Sven-Erik, Andersson Lena, Bergqvist Lennart
The cells forming a liver sinusoid are endothelial cells and underlying fat-storing cells, both in contact with the microvilli of the parenchymal cells keeping open the space of Disse. Due to the difference in sinusoidal orientation, blood flow will vary widely in the sinusoids. Differences in red blood cell speed of 270 to 410 (xm/sec have been observed.44 The sinusoids have a length of 250 jxm with a diameter of 3 to 12 μm.44
A review of hepatic nanotoxicology – summation of recent findings and considerations for the next generation of study designs
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Ali Kermanizadeh, Leagh G Powell, Vicki Stone
KCs are liver resident macrophages that are positioned within the lumen of the sinusoid. Importantly, these cells adhere to the sinusoidal endothelial cells that compose the vessel walls. KCs are the first immune cells in the liver that come in contact with the gut bacteria (Nguyen-Lefebvre and Horuzsko 2015), and any particulate matter transported to the liver via the portal vein. In a healthy liver, KCs play a key role in maintenance of liver immune tolerance (partially due to the exposure to low levels of gut-originated antigens, KCs are in a permanent semi-activated state). However, in pathological conditions, these cells may be activated and fully differentiate into M1-like or M2-like macrophages (Beljaars et al. 2014). Due to their position in the liver sinusoids, these cells are arguably the first and most important cell population that encounter non-soluble particulates reaching the liver. This is one of the reasons, these cells govern the hepatic immune response to particulate challenge. In addition, previous in vitro (comparisons made between 3D primary human liver MT composed of hepatocytes only or co-cultures of hepatocytes and KCs) (Kermanizadeh et al. 2019b) and in vivo (mice with depleted KC cell population) (Kermanizadeh et al. 2014a) studies clearly demonstrated that the pro/anti-inflammatory response of the healthy liver is governed by the resident macrophages. Due to their location, the KCs intercept and capture materials in the sinusoids, consequently preventing a large proportion of the NM dose diffusing to the hepatocytes. This hypothesis is supported by observations of the internalization of majority of NMs in the resident macrophages in vivo (Sepehri et al. 2017; Wen et al. 2015). However, KCs are not likely to be 100% effective at preventing hepatocyte exposure to materials as small NMs might access hepatocytes via open fenestrations in the liver sinusoid endothelial lining.