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Clinical Photodynamic Therapy: The Continuing Evolution
Published in Barbara W. Henderson, Thomas J. Dougherty, Photodynamic Therapy, 2020
Thomas and colleagues [82] reported on the treatment of 16 patients with PDT for malignant dysphagia using HPD as the photosensitizer. In this study, laser light of 627–630 nm was produced either by an argon-pumped dye laser (n = 8 patients) or by a gold metal vapor laser (n — 8 patients). Light was delivered by a cleaved fiber within a thin-walled balloon inflated with 0.5% lipid emulsion. Four patients had adenocarcinoma, and 12 had squamous cell carcinoma. Palliation of dysphagia was observed in all treated patients, with a median duration of response of 9.5 weeks (range, 1–28 weeks). Complications included sunburn (3 patients), fever resolving with antibiotic treatment (9 patients), and mediastinitis with pleural effusions (1 patient). A laser output of >1.5 W appeared to correlate with the development of complications. Two patients, both more than 80 years old, died after therapy, 1 of cardiac arrest and the other of pneumonia following bronchoesophageal fistula formation. Both patients who died had been treated using the gold vapor laser.
Materials for Nanoemulsions and Their Influence on the Biofate
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Nanoemulsion formulations, being made up of oils which are composed of triglycerides, are prone to oxidation upon exposure to air due to the presence of conjugated double bonds and possible delocalization of electrons. Therefore, oxidation needs to be prevented either by addition of synthetic lipids or antioxidants (reducing agents, blocking agents or synergists) particularly in the case of multi dose preparations. Even today, α-tocopherol is used often as an antioxidant to stabilize lipid emulsion for prolonged storage conditions (Bonferoni et al., 2018). Therefore, α-tocopherol (0.001–0.002%, w/w) should be included in a typical lipid emulsion formulation for ocular use. Other possible antioxidants include deferoxamine mesylate, ascorbic acid, butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT), sodium bisulfite, metabisulfite, thiourea and EDTA (Singh, 2017).
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Anti-Tumor Drug Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Ho Lun Wong, Yongqiang Li, Reina Bendayan, Mike Andrew Rauth, Xiao Yu Wu
SLN have been proposed as an alternative to other controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS) such as lipid emulsion, liposome, and polymeric nanoparticles as a result of their several advantages. For instance, in comparison to lipid emulsion, the solid lipid matrix of SLN makes sustained drug release possible. The solid lipids also immobilize drug molecules, thereby protecting the labile and sensitive drugs from coalescence and degradation,12 and reduce drug leakage that are commonly seen in many other CDDS such as liposomes. Compared with some polymeric nanoparticles, SLN are generally less toxic because physiological and biocompatible lipids are utilized. Meanwhile, all of the less toxic surfactants that have been applied to other CDDS are equally applicable for SLN preparation. Other appealing features of SLN include the feasibility for mass production,13–16 flexibility in sterilization,4 and avoidance of organic solvents in a typical SLN preparation process. It should be noted that SLN are also a versatile formulation. Both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds can be encapsulated and delivered by SLN with modification in the formulation.
Recent advances in nanotechnology based combination drug therapy for skin cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Shweta Kumari, Prabhat Kumar Choudhary, Rahul Shukla, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are the type of colloidal particles, and their sizes range from 10 to 1000 nm. SLNs were introduced in early nineties because of its better biocompatibility, long term stability and prevention of degradation of drugs [57, 58]. The advantages of SLNs particle carrier system are extended-release profile, reduced side effects, increased surface area, effective cellular uptake, better solubility, biodegradability, and increased drugs bioavailability [59, 60]. SLNs are new generation lipid emulsion which is submicron sized where the liquid fat is replaced by solid fat. Due to their unique size, SLNs may be the future prospect to develop new therapeutics. Their unique ability to integrate therapeutic drugs into nanocarriers can be a new model in drug delivery systems that might be used for secondary and tertiary levels of drug targeting and new approaches in drug designing [61]. The application of SLNs in cancer therapy is the most common area of research which may require both the immense levels of funding in the area but also the nanocarriers suitability for the delivery of anti-cancerous agents, mainly due to the active and passive targeting for cancerous cells and tissues [62].
Advances in colloidal dispersions: A review
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Cang Huynh Mai, Tung Thanh Diep, Thuy T. T. Le, Viet Nguyen
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are submicron colloidal carriers ranging from 50 to 1000 nm which are invented at the beginning of the 1990s as an alternative system of traditional colloidal drug carriers.[107–109] With more than three developing decades, the studies of SLNs have been dominating in the field of drug delivery. In theory, SLNs combine the advantages of lipid emulsion systems and polymeric nanoparticles systems while overcoming their disadvantages. Being similar to traditional drug carriers, SLNs are also biodegradable and nontoxic but the usage of solid lipids instead of liquid oil brought many significant advantages such as higher stability in long term storage and lower mobility of drug molecules.[110] In fact, the solid state of the lipid had higher mass transfer resistance in compared to emulsified liquid droplets resulting in a better release control.[111] Moreover, high drug loading capacity and easy to scale up are major reasons for the increase of SLNs application in the pharmaceutical industry.[109] Normally, SLNs can be classified into three main types including: matrix (drug is dispersed evenly in the solid lipid), shell (drug is dispersed outside of solid lipid) and core (drug is dispersed on solid lipid matrix) (Figure 4B)