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Impact of Radioactive Material Released into the Environment
Published in Mindy Kay Bricker, The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Disaster, 2014
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has taken a stance against defining threshold values for low-level radiation exposure.33 The reason for this is that the paucity of data on the effects of low-level radiation on the human body requires that such effects be estimated by linear extrapolation from high-level radiation data. In other words, the effects of high-level radiation are extrapolated to the low-level exposure regime by drawing straight lines to the point of zero exposure, the linear no-threshold model. Aside from this, BEIR and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) have issued reports, but both reports rely on the linear no-threshold model.
Augmented Reality for Reducing Intraoperative Radiation Exposure to Patients and Clinicians during X-Ray Guided Procedures
Published in Terry M. Peters, Cristian A. Linte, Ziv Yaniv, Jacqueline Williams, Mixed and Augmented Reality in Medicine, 2018
Nicolas Loy Rodas, Nicolas Padoy
X-ray-based medical imaging has revolutionized the diagnosis of diseases and the practice of numerous surgical treatments in the past few decades. It also has been a key factor in the paradigm shift from traditional surgery to minimally invasive surgery. X-ray imaging has become fundamental in several fields of medicine, such as interventional radiology/cardiology, orthopedics, urology, neuroradiology, and radiation therapy. However, the use of x-rays for medical purposes carries with it the risk of exposing patients, surgeons, and supporting medical staff members to harmful ionizing radiation. Studies have reaffirmed the hypothesis of a linear no-threshold model of radiation risk, namely that any amount of exposure increases the risk of radiation-induced tissue reactions (epilation, skin necrosis, cataract etc.) and of stochastic effects (cancers) (Roguin et al. 2013). While a patient’s exposure can be justified by medical indication and usually occurs in a single episode, medical staff providing patient care may be exposed on a daily basis. The repetitive nature of such an exposure, even when the dose is low, increases the risk of developing negative biological effects, and this risk increases with the dose accumulated over time (Kirkwood et al. 2014). Furthermore, as can be seen in Figure 15.1, when x-ray imaging is used for guidance, such as during interventional procedures, clinicians are obliged to remain next to the patient during the procedure, and their exposure cannot be completely avoided (Nikodemová et al. 2011). Indeed, reports have documented the dosage of radiation among interventional physicians as the greatest registered among any medical staff working with x-rays (Roguin et al. 2013).
A preliminary site risk assessment
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2021
Yein Seo, Seunghyun Jang, Sunghyun Park, Moosung Jae
In terms of the consequence, it was expected that LCF following the linear no-threshold model would be almost linearly proportional to the total release amounts. In other words, the consequence of multi-unit accidents for LCF was predicted to be similar to the integer times the consequence of the single-unit accident if the source-term of each unit are the same. However, the graph of the consequence in Figure 12 shows that the consequence according to the number of units with accidents do not increase linearly, especially for 4-unit accidents. It means that the multi-unit accident scenarios, of which the frequency derived from the L1 and L2 PSA is higher than the truncation limit, are combinations of the source-terms with relatively lower release amounts.