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Brain Processes During Expert Cognitive-Motor Performance: The Impact of Mental Stress and Emotion Regulation
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
Bradley D. Hatfield, Amy J. Haufler
Significant advancements in our understanding of the role of cortical and subcortical processes, and their linkage, in the regulation of emotion have occurred over the last decade (Davidson 2002) with the elucidation that frontal EEG recordings offer a powerful index of one’s emotional state. Neurobiological and imaging work (Adolphs, et al. 1995, Davidson 2002, and Phan et al. 2002) has extended our understanding of the neural circuitry of anxiety consisting of the deep subcortical structures of the limbic system, particularly the two amygdalae structures that are essential to the orchestration of arousal-related processes throughout the brain and body, like the fight or flight response. The limbic system is a major center for emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. The limbic system consists of the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, dentate gyrus, hippocampi (left and right) and amygdalae (left and right), which are represented bilaterally. The hippocampi are involved in memory storage and formation as well as complex cognitive processing, while the amygdalae are associated with forming complex emotional responses, particularly involving fear and aggression. The limbic structures are also connected with other major structures such as the cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia (Pinel 2000). Importantly, this circuitry is largely influenced by the frontal regions of the brain that can serve to inhibit or regulate fear (Northoff et al. 2004).
The Ethical and Industrial Context of Supervision
Published in Tracey Harris, Successful Supervision and Leadership, 2020
Some of the answers are with us in our brains. Our limbic system is a collection of structures that include the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei and fomix. This part of our brain supports emotion, behaviour and long-term memory. Whilst we have the capacity to do harm, our limbic brain structure has inbuilt instinctual inclination to hold decency (Ray, 2018; Rock, 2009). When we hold respect for self and others, our decision making is more thoughtful and considered due to our ethics and moral reasoning. When difficult decisions have to be made, we can be compromised in our ethics. We can also find it hard to make decisions when under stress or in duress. Stress, burnout, self-talk and thinking biases all have a significant impact on decision making. When our brain is under a stress load, we have a reduced capacity to think clearly, and making informed decisions is significantly impaired. We are in the fastest moving time in our history, and it is difficult for our brain to process the amount of information it has to on a daily basis. It is no wonder that people are often overwhelmed, stressed and vulnerable. When vulnerability is high our resilience is compromised, and when resilience is high our vulnerability is lower. All of these factors impact how we make decisions and engage in ethical conduct. In the workplace, unethical behaviour can come in the form of continual justification or denial of behaviour and thoughts. Where a supervisee may continually blame others, be avoidant or engage in continual denial it is worth exploring if this is in the context of ethical decision making (Carroll & Shaw, 2012).
Transform Pain to Purpose
Published in Payal Nanjiani, Achieve Unstoppable Success in Any Economy, 2020
I had an opportunity to sit across the table and talk with Dr. Senthil Radhakrishnan, the Administrative Chief and Clinical Neurosurgical PA from the Department of Neurosurgery at Duke Hospital and a Guest Lecturer at the Duke PA Program. I asked him what happens to the brain when emotional pain builds up. He said emotional pain, if prolonged for more than three months, can manifest itself as chronic physical pain and can lead to depression. Emotional pain can mimic the effects of chronic pain and depression and cause structural changes in the brain, especially the areas responsible for memory, mood, and executive functions. This stress can interrupt neurotransmitters in the hippocampus and prevent formation of new neurons, thereby causing a shrinking of the hippocampus. Lack of new neurons impedes memory, learning, and dealing with those emotions, thus creating a vicious cycle. Brain MRIs of people dealing with chronic pain when compared to healthy individuals reveal a smaller hippocampus. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is crucial for learning and memory. On the other hand, the amygdala, the tight cluster of nuclei located deep in the brain on either side of the medial temporal lobe, is part of the limbic system and plays a vital role in processing emotion and memory—especially memories associated with fear, anxiety, and motivation. Persistent emotional pain causes hyperactivity in the amygdala and even hypertrophy of the amygdala. Hypertrophied amygdala can cause anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Finally, the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for several functions including regulating emotions and decision making, may atrophy with persistent emotional pain and depression.
The Neurostructure of Morality and the Hubris of Memory Manipulation
Published in The New Bioethics, 2018
A central behavioral component of the limbic system – an intricate set of structures located on each side of the thalamus just under the cerebrum – is the amygdala (2013, pp. 5–6). The amygdala is composed of thirteen nuclei in the right and left medial temporal lobe (MTL). Although it comprises merely 0.3 percent of total brain volume, it is an essential systemic element that initially evolved to detect dangers in the surrounding environment and modulate subsequent responses that profoundly influence behavior. As will be discussed in section 5, the amygdala plays a key role in an array of emotional and social functions, including emotional-rational interactions. However, despite progress in uncovering its significance, the amygdala remains a relatively mysterious brain structure, and its functional roles remain difficult to characterize due in part to its executive diversity and complex interactions with other regions. Finally, beneath the upper brain, the brain stem regulates essential bodily functions, such as heart rate and blood pressureand serves (through the pons) as a bridge between the lower brain stem and midbrain (2013, p. 6).
The effect of experimentally-induced diabetes on rat hippocampus and the potential neuroprotective effect of Cerebrolysin combined with insulin. A histological and immunohistochemical study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Doaa El-Adli, Salwa A. Gawish, Amany AbdElFattah Mohamed AbdElFattah, Mona Fm. Soliman
The hippocampus is a small organ located within the brain’s medial temporal lobe and forms an important part of the limbic system concerned with memory, emotions and behavior [5]. The hippocampal formation is subdivided into hippocampus proprius, dentate gyrus (DG) and subicular cortex. The hippocampus proprius is formed of five layers. It is divided into four regions (CA1–CA4) according to density, size and branching of axons and dendrites of the pyramidal cells in the pyramidal cell layer. The DG consists of three layers [6]. The granule cell layer (GCL) contains granule cells and immature neurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ) which is one of the stem cell-containing areas in adult mammalian brain [7,8].