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Disorders of Hearing
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Linda M. Luxon, Ronald Hinchcliffe
The auditory signal generated in the inner hair cells travels through the auditory nerve to the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus, and from thence the majority of the afferent auditory fibres project to the contralateral superior olivary complex, the lateral lemniscus, the inferior colliculus, the medial geniculate body and to the auditory cortex (Figure 19.3a) (Chermak and Musiek, 1997). The auditory efferent pathway (Figure 19.3b) arises in the auditory cortex and descends parallel to the afferent tracts to the level of the cochlear nuclei (Suga et al., 2000). The anatomy of the higher efferent auditory system remains ill-defined, but within the brainstem the olivocochlear bundle projects from the superior olivary complex to the cochlea (reviewed by Warr, 1992), and has two main pathways: the medial olivocochlear system that projects mainly to the contralateral cochlea and connects to the outer hair cells, andthe lateral olivocochlear system that projects to the ipsilateral cochlea and ends on the type 1 afferent dendrites that connect to the inner hair cells.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The spinothalamic tract consists of two pathways, namely anterior and lateral. The anterior spinothalamic tract carries information about crude touch and firm pressure. The lateral spinothalamic tract conveys pain and temperature. Similarly, the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract conveys sensory information from the periphery to the conscious level at the brain’s cerebral cortex.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
The spinothalamic tract consists of two pathways, namely anterior and lateral. The anterior spinothalamic tract carries information about crude touch and firm pressure. The lateral spinothalamic tract conveys pain and temperature. Similarly, the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract conveys sensory information from the periphery to the conscious level at the brain’s cerebral cortex.
Hearing loss, lead (Pb) exposure, and noise: a sound approach to ototoxicity exploration
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Krystin Carlson, Richard L. Neitzel
Studies displaying positive results for auditory dysfunction following high doses of Pb predominately used auditory brainstem response (ABR) and analysis of thresholds or waveforms. ABR can be performed in humans and rodents; five main waves are measured as neuronal signals pass from the cochlea to the auditory cortex in the brain. These main waves comprise an afferent pathway traveling sequentially through five major components of auditory processing: Eighth cranial nerve fibers beginning in the cochlea; eighth cranial nerve fiber upon entry to the Cochlear nucleus; action potentials exiting the cochlear nucleus and projecting to the superior Olivary complex; the signal in the Lateral lemniscus; and finally the Inferior colliculus within the midbrain of the brainstem (easily remembered as the underlined text shows ECOLI) (Jewett and Williston 1971; Picton et al. 1974). Following this succession of action potentials, the afferent signal is sent to the medial geniculate within the thalamus and further to the auditory cortex where processing occurs within the temporal lobe (Bartlett 2013). These last processing steps are essential for understanding and recognition of human speech.