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Biomolecules and Tissue Properties
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Biglycan is a nonaggregating proteoglycan. It has a molecular mass of approximately 100,000 Da with a protein core of 38,000 Da. Biglycan has two types of GAG chains, 40% to 50% are dermatan sulfate and the remainder are chondroitin sulfate. It is a member of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein family.
Benzo[a]pyrene osteotoxicity and the regulatory roles of genetic and epigenetic factors: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Jiezhang Mo, Doris Wai-Ting Au, Jiahua Guo, Christoph Winkler, Richard Yuen-Chong Kong, Frauke Seemann
MiR-29 promotes OC commitment by targeting nuclear factor I/A (NFIA), G protein–coupled receptor 85 (GPR85), and the cluster of differentiation 93 (CD93) (Franceschetti et al., 2013). MiR-106b and miR-338 inhibit OC differentiation by targeting RANKL (Wang et al., 2015; Zhang, Geng et al., 2016), while miR-34c promotes OC differentiation by targeting leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), which can compete for RANKL (Cong et al., 2017). MiR-144 and miR-503 inhibit OC differentiation by targeting RANK (Chen et al., 2014; Wang, He, et al., 2018), whereas miR-145 promotes OC differentiation by targeting OPG (Chen et al., 2018). The upregulation of miR-148a supports OC differentiation by targeting V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB) to activate NFATc1 expression (Cheng et al., 2013). OC differentiation is promoted by NF-κB activation via the downregulation of miR-145 and miR-99b, which stimulates the upregulation of their targets, SMAD3 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGFLR) (de la Rica et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2018).
Wearable sensors in the diagnosis and study of Parkinson’s disease symptoms: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Andrea C. Albán-Cadena, Fernando Villalba-Meneses, Kevin O. Pila-Varela, Alejandro Moreno-Calvo, Carlos P. Villalba-Meneses, Diego A. Almeida-Galárraga
In the other hand, Parkinson is produced for several mutations in genes which control the correct misfolding of a-synuclein (SNCA), that is a protein responsible to the production of dopamine in the brain. Some of the principal mutations are placed on the chromosome 4, which encodes the SNCA protein [4,8]. Also, other PD related mutated genes are parkin, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 (UCHL1), phosphatase and tensin homologue-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1 and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) [8,11]. Others important aspects in PD are the diagnosis methods, control therapies and the different treatments applied for this disorder. In the case of diagnosis, it is made by the observation of the number of symptoms that the patient can present, whereas for the disease control is based on the level assessment of symptoms progression in a qualitative way [3,12]. In the case of the treatments, the majority are based in pharmacological methods using dopamine dosage for increasing the level of this neurotransmitter. Moreover, other therapies used are occupational ones and physiotherapy [9,13]. However, the disadvantages of them are that only provide qualitative results, avoiding the correct study and monitoring of the patients and disease progression. For this reason, wearable sensors and motion capture technology arrives as solutions to improve controlling and diagnosing of PD, collecting accuracy data and providing comfort to patients [14–17]. Commonly, these technologies are used for determining motor dysfunctions which are produced by chronic diseases as Parkinson’s, osteoarthritis, among others [18,19].
Aquaporins mediated arsenite transport in plants: Molecular mechanisms and applications in crop improvement
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Fenglin Deng, Xue Liu, Yanshan Chen, Bala Rathinasabapathi, Christopher Rensing, Jian Chen, Jue Bi, Ping Xiang, Lena Q. Ma
Systematic analyses have been performed to assess the signal transmission from As stress initiation to regulation of downstream genes including aquaporins. Expression profiling of A. thaliana roots identifies the elevated expression of Leucine-Rich Repeat receptor-like kinase VIII (LRR-RLK VIII) genes under AsV stress (Fu et al., 2014). Deletion of a specific LRR-RLK VIII member (AT1G53440) decreased As accumulation in the roots and enhanced As tolerance by the plant, implicating its role in reducing As stress (Figure 3) (Fu et al., 2014). It is worth to investigate whether the functions of these receptors are conserved among different plants. However, AT1G53440 has not been demonstrated to be an As-receptor due to missing biochemical evidence supporting the direct binding of As to the kinase and subsequent signaling to downstream processes. On the other hand, the genes involved in ethylene- and ABA-signaling, heat response, and oxidative stress are also up-regulated upon As exposure (Fu et al., 2014). However, the regulatory elements such as secondary messengers in charge of transmitting As signal to downstream processes are not reported in the study.