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Role of Artificial Intelligence-Based Technologies in Healthcare to Combat Critical Diseases
Published in Chinmay Chakraborty, Digital Health Transformation with Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Ullah et al. (2020) used AI to investigate the early identification and treatment of cancer. They showed how AI precision algorithms may aid precision medicine by selecting the right patient for the optimal treatment at the correct moment. Ki-67, a proliferation marker, is critical for early-stage breast cancer diagnosis, categorization, treatment and prognosis. Automated brain tumour segmentation techniques involve computer algorithms that produce tumour segmentation and are currently a useful diagnostic tool in precision medicine. For six different genetic mutations in lung cancer (EGFR, STK11, FAT1, KRAS, TP53 and SETBP1), gene mutation predictions and confirmation utilizing raw input digitized histopathology yield encouraging results. Tumour protein P53, KRAS mutations and the detection rate of these markers could be utilized to diagnose cancer at an earlier stage. Using AI, clinicians have established an early signature that can forecast the efficiency of cancer treatment.
Computer-aided Diagnosis (CAD) System for Determining Histological Grading of Astrocytoma Based on Ki67 Counting
Published in Varun Bajaj, G.R. Sinha, Computer-aided Design and Diagnosis Methods for Biomedical Applications, 2021
Fahmi Akmal Dzulkifli, Maryam Ahmad Sharifuddin, Mohd Yusoff Mashor, Hasnan Jaafar
Ki67 is a nuclear antigen that responds to a monoclonal antibody, MIB-1. The Ki67 is a well-known independent prognostic and predictive indicator for evaluating the proliferation of cancer cells [2]. The Ki67 labeling index (LI) is defined as the percentage of immunoreactive tumor cell nuclei. The Ki67 LI functions as a marker for measuring normal and abnormal cell proliferation in various human tumors. Generally, Ki67 is associated with tumor cell proliferation and growth. A higher proliferation rate is one of the characteristics of cancer cells. Therefore, the Ki67 becomes an excellent marker for identifying the cells that proliferate actively in normal and tumor cell populations. Ki67 protein only exists in growing and dividing phases of the cell cycle (GI, S, G2, and M), but is absent during the resting phase (G0) [2]. This fact makes Ki67 a useful proliferation marker as cancer cells grow and divide aggressively. The Ki67 gene expression starts at the G1 phase, and the expression increases during the S phase and reaches the highest expression during metaphase, which is in the M phase [3]. Ki67 expression will begin to decrease during the anaphase and telophase stages.
Clinical Trials of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Cardiac and Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
We obtained -500 ml of marrow cells from each patient and isolated 2.8 × 109 to 0.7 × 109 MNC (1.6 × 109 cells [SD 0.6]), which included 9.6 × 107 to 0.84 × 107 CD34+ cells (3.7 × 107 [SD 1.8]). The BM-MNC were implanted by intramuscular injection into the gastrocnemius muscle of ischemic lower limbs (x40 sites) using a 26-gauge needle. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) values in BM-MNC-implanted limbs were increased by 0.1 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.12) from 0.37 [0.31 to 0.42] at baseline to 0.46 [0.40 to 0.52] at week 4 (P<0.0001). In contrast, PB-MNC-injected limbs showed much smaller increases in ABI (0.02 increase, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.024). In the follow-up study, improvement of ischemic status (ABI, tissue oxygen concentration, rest pain scale, pain-free walking time, improvement of ischemic ulcers) was maintained during 24-weeks of observation (Fig. 2) (see detail data in ref. 13). Angiography revealed a marked increase in visible collateral vessel numbers in 60% of patients (Fig. 3). Vessel numbers assessed by capillary/muscle fiber ratio (2.3 [SD 0.6]) were markedly increased compared with the contralateral saline-injected muscle (0.74 [0.31]) (Fig. 4A). CD31-positive endothelial cells express Ki-67 in the marrow-implanted limb (Fig. 4B). Ki-67 is a nuclear protein that is expressed in proliferating cells and nearly absent in normal vessels. No Ki-67 expression was detected in the saline-injected limb, suggesting the presence of proliferating endothelial cells in newly formed vessels.
L-asparaginase from Dickeya chrysanthemi: expression, purification and cytotoxicity assessment
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Hesham Saeed, Eman Elsawy, Manal Shalaby, Manal Abdel-Fattah, Asmaa Hemida, Ahmad Eldoksh, Farid Shokry Ataya, Hesham Nematalla, Mohamed Elkewedi, Nikolaos N. Labrou, Nefertiti El-Nikhely
To complement this study, the levels of gene expression of Bax, survivin, and Ki-67 were determined using quantitative real time PCR. Bax is one of the proapoptotic markers within the Bcl-2 family of proteins and was the first member of this family to be discovered.[35] Ki-67 is an antigen associated with nuclear proliferation, expressed during the growth and synthesis phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M) but not during the resting phase (G0).[36] The human protein survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, and participates in many important processes, such as reproduction, apoptosis, the cell cycle, development, metabolism, cell communications, and angiogenesis.[37,38] Survivin is strongly upregulated in most cancer cell types, in which it promotes tumor growth, survival, and metastasis, as well as the production of new vascularization.[38] In chronic myeloid leukemia high levels of survival have been associated with the late stages of disease and therapy resistance.[38] The apoptotic markers Bax, Ki-67, and survivin were significantly downregulated in L-ASNase treated cells by 73.5%, 56.9%, and 83.5% respectively, compared with untreated control THP-1 cells (Figure 6D–F), suggesting that the rD. chrysanthemi L-ASNase affected the proliferation of the THP-1 cells, triggering cell cycle arrest and induced cell death.
In vivo experimental study to investigate cytogenotoxicity of a contaminated estuary from Southeastern Brazilian Coast
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Caroline Margonato Cardoso, Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira, Victor Hugo Pereira da Silva, Hirochi Yamamura, Celina Tizuko Fujiyama Oshima, Daniel Araki Ribeiro
With regard to proliferative activity, our results demonstrated high Ki67 immunoexpression in rats exposed to PIC or SVC. Also, cell counting analysis by Feulgen-Fast Green technique showed higher number of hepatocytes in SVC group when compared to control water or PIC. Both factors can be related, however this is difficult to confirm since there may have been an osmotic imbalance by the high salt intake, decreasing the cell size. Ki67 protein indicates cell proliferation denoting the promotion phase of chemical carcinogenesis.[48] Our results indicate that some contaminants present in the estuarine water can influence cell cycle proliferation in liver cells.