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The effects of atmospheric ammonia during export of livestock
Published in Thomas Banhazi, Andres Aland, Jörg Hartung, Air Quality and Livestock Farming, 2018
Keratoconjunctivitis, known as an inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva, has been described several times in association with ammonia exposure. On a simulated ship journey, increased lacrimation in steers indicated that the irritation occurred in the mucous membranes of the eyes, particularly at a level of 45 ppm (31.3 mg m–3) (Phillips et al., 2010); this has been confirmed on an actual ship journey in sheep (Pines and Phillips, 2013). Similarly, ammonia also caused keratoconjunctivitis in chicks’ eyes (Faddoul and Ringrose, 1950). Chronic exposure to 20 ppm (13.9 mg m–3) of ammonia could adversely affect hens’ ocular health (Sales, 2012), while 30 and 60 ppm (20.9 and 41.8 mg m–3) exposure increased conjunctival lesions in broiler chicks reared to 21 days (Beker et al., 2004). The speed of recovery from ammonia-induced keratoconjunctivitis depends on the severity of the ulcers (Valentine, 1964). In broiler chickens exposed to 25, 50 and 75 ppm (17.4, 34.8 and 52.2 mg m–3) of ammonia, ocular abnormalities appeared, with more severe lesions observed at higher concentrations. When aerial ammonia diminished after 28 days of the grow-out stage, eye health improved, especially uveitis, even though lymphocytes and heterophils could be seen in the iris up to 49 days later in ammonia-exposed birds (Miles et al., 2006). Further evidence of rapid recovery from uveitis was found after exposing broiler chickens to 25 and 50 ppm (17.4 and 34.8 mg m–3) of ammonia for 7 days (Olanrewaju et al., 2007).
Deadly Canine Distemper: A Global Multispecies Disease
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
V. Naveenkumar, K. Porteen, M. Vijaya Bharathi, B. S. Pradeep Nag
Based on the virus strain, the proliferation of CDV in various brain cells was also one of the clinical sign variations reported instance Synder Hill strain mainly produce neurological signs (Sykes, 2013). In the ocular form of CDV characterized by uveitis, chorioretinitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), keratitis, and optic neuritis lead to blindness. The common copathogen in CDV in dogs was Bordetella bronchiseptica and other opportunistic pathogens were toxoplasmosis, salmonellosis, nocadiosis, and generalized demodecosis. Similarly, in mink, Pneumocystis carinii and in raccoon, neopsorosis were reported as a copathogenic infection with CDV (Sykes, 2013).
Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Ocular allergic disorders include seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. The treatment for acute and more chronic forms of allergic conjunctivitis has been mainly focused on symptomatic relief of symptoms such as redness, itching, and burning. They are primarily antihistamines, that is, H1 blockers. In some cases, the allergic condition may require the use of topical corticosteroids as well. Some of the anti-allergy eye drops are available over-the-counter (OTC), but many are still only available as prescription medications.
Ultraviolet radiation exposure in cannabis-growing facilities
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2023
Maximilian J. Chmielinski, Patricia O. Ehrlich, Martin Cohen, Tania M. Busch Isaksen, Christopher D. Simpson
Some lamp types used in the cannabis industry emit ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR wavelengths range from 100 to 400 nm and are further classified into UVA (315 to 400 nm), UVB (280 to 315 nm), and UVC (100 to 280 nm) (IARC 2018). The most common UVR overexposure injury is erythema (Hausser 1928; Coblentz et al. 1931), and the most severe erythema is caused by UVB (Hausser 1928; Ichihashi et al. 2003). Various organizations have developed weighting scales to quantify the wavelength dependence of skin damage caused by UVR (CIE 1999; IARC 2018; ACGIH 2022). Two commonly used weighting scales are those from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). All wavelengths of UVR are classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Surdu et al. 2013; IARC 2018). Additionally, IARC considers UVB “in the terrestrial solar spectrum to be mainly responsible for adverse health effects” (IARC 2018). UVB exposure has been associated with photokeratitis (Pitts and Tredici 1971), whereas both UVB and UVC overexposure cause keratoconjunctivitis (Pitts et al. 1977). Injury severity is influenced by eye motion, spectral profile, and angle of incoming radiation (ICNIRP 1997).
Formulation development, optimization, and in vitro assessment of thermoresponsive ophthalmic pluronic F127-chitosan in situ tacrolimus gel
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Deepika Modi, Musarrat H. Warsi, Vaidehi Garg, Meenakshi Bhatia, Prashant Kesharwani, Gaurav K. Jain
Tacrolimus (TCS) is an immunosuppressive drug used to treat various ocular diseases like allograft corneal rejection, Mooren’s ulcer, allergic conjunctivitis, immunogenic inflammatory ocular surface diseases [4, 5], posterior uveitis (intraocular inflammation) [6, 7], and refractory posterior blepharitis [8] when applied topically. Due to serious side effects associated with systemic administration, such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, weight loss, hyperglycemia, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction, topical administration of TCS is preferred [4]. Clinical studies have revealed that immunological rejection after corneal and limbal grafting can be inhibited by topical delivery of TCS [9]. Some of the clinically approved formulations of tacrolimus currently available in the market are Protopic ointment (0.1%, 0.3%, Fujisawa, Munich, Germany) for treating atopic dermatitis, which can also be used for atopic eyelid disease [10], Talymus ophthalmic suspension (0.1%, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) for severe allergic conjunctivitis [11] and Talimus ointment (0.1%, Ajanta Pharmaceuticals, India) for eczema as well as atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis [12].
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
It has been estimated that 40–60% of allergic subjects exhibit ocular symptoms concurrent with other clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions; however, ocular allergy is also known to occur independently of other allergic conditions (Bucolo et al. 2015). Most allergic responses implicating the eyes involve exposed ocular surfaces like the eyelid, conjunctiva, limbus, and cornea (Chigbu 2009). Similarly, some of the most common hypersensitivity responses that remain localized to the eye area include allergic conjunctivitis, contact dermatitis of the eyelids, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and contact blepharoconjunctivitis (Bielory 2008). These ocular hypersensitivity responses might emerge as a result of various underlying mechanisms that may be either IgE- or non-IgE-mediated. Major causative agents of ocular allergy include seasonal aeroallergens such as pollens and ragweed, animal proteins, reactive chemicals, and drugs (Bielory 2008; Soparkar et al. 1997). Occasional reports have also cited various metals as potential causative agents of ocular allergy. For example, occupational exposure to Au was found associated with the emergence of delayed-type blepharoconjunctivitis, while Cr and Ni have been implicated in cases of allergic conjunctivitis (Estlander et al. 1998; Gibb et al. 2000; Mancuso and Berdondini 2002). In addition, eyelid dermatitis is a common manifestation of contact hypersensitivity to Ni, Co, Au, iron (Fe), and Cr that merge following application of cosmetics and in response to dental metal exposure (Goossens 2004; Huang et al. 2021; McDaniel and Couch 2017; Oh et al. 2016; Poziomkowska‐Gęsicka et al. 2018; Saxena, Warshaw, and Ahmed 2001).