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Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Ocular allergic disorders include seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. The treatment for acute and more chronic forms of allergic conjunctivitis has been mainly focused on symptomatic relief of symptoms such as redness, itching, and burning. They are primarily antihistamines, that is, H1 blockers. In some cases, the allergic condition may require the use of topical corticosteroids as well. Some of the anti-allergy eye drops are available over-the-counter (OTC), but many are still only available as prescription medications.
Formulation development, optimization, and in vitro assessment of thermoresponsive ophthalmic pluronic F127-chitosan in situ tacrolimus gel
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Deepika Modi, Musarrat H. Warsi, Vaidehi Garg, Meenakshi Bhatia, Prashant Kesharwani, Gaurav K. Jain
Tacrolimus (TCS) is an immunosuppressive drug used to treat various ocular diseases like allograft corneal rejection, Mooren’s ulcer, allergic conjunctivitis, immunogenic inflammatory ocular surface diseases [4, 5], posterior uveitis (intraocular inflammation) [6, 7], and refractory posterior blepharitis [8] when applied topically. Due to serious side effects associated with systemic administration, such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, weight loss, hyperglycemia, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction, topical administration of TCS is preferred [4]. Clinical studies have revealed that immunological rejection after corneal and limbal grafting can be inhibited by topical delivery of TCS [9]. Some of the clinically approved formulations of tacrolimus currently available in the market are Protopic ointment (0.1%, 0.3%, Fujisawa, Munich, Germany) for treating atopic dermatitis, which can also be used for atopic eyelid disease [10], Talymus ophthalmic suspension (0.1%, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) for severe allergic conjunctivitis [11] and Talimus ointment (0.1%, Ajanta Pharmaceuticals, India) for eczema as well as atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis [12].
Traffic-related particulate matter aggravates ocular allergic inflammation by mediating dendritic cell maturation
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Moonwon Hwang, Sehyun Han, Jeong-Won Seo, Ki-Joon Jeon, Hyun Soo Lee
Allergic diseases are an important public health threat and a major cause of illnesses affecting all age groups globally. Unfortunately, the incidence of allergic diseases are increasing and constitute a significant economic burden to the general public (Huang et al. 2015). Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the major ocular diseases, which damages the ocular surface and produces symptoms such as redness and itching. In addition, allergic conjunctivitis affects up to 40% of the population of the United States (Azari and Barney 2013). The incidence and severity of allergic conjunctivitis are related to exposure to air pollutants. In an epidemiological study Navarro et al. (2009) demonstrated that allergens frequently involved in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were pollens (51%), followed by dust mites (42%). Riediker et al. (2001) found that the rhinoconjunctival tissue is sensitive to allergens during an allergic reaction and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis might be exacerbated by high levels of air pollutants. Chang et al. (2012) reported that air pollutants, such as NO2, SO2, O3, and fine PM increased the number of outpatients who complained regarding nonspecific conjunctivitis. Ko et al. (2016) noted the correlation between the severity of acute conjunctivitis and the presence of Asian dust particles on the ocular surface. Specifically, Ko et al. (2016) reported that significantly higher symptom scores such as itching sense were observed in patients with greater silica/aluminum (Si/Al) levels. Miyazaki et al. (2019) showed that the elevated prevalence of severe allergic conjunctivitis, including atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, was significantly linked to air pollutant levels.