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Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Ambikanandan Misra, Aliasgar Shahiwala, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Drug Delivery Research for Optimum Clinical Outcomes, 2018
Shubhini A. Saraf, Jovita Kanoujia, Samipta Singh, Shailendra K. Saraf
Corneal inflammation (also called keratitis) may be a result of either an injury or an infection. Thus, mechanical or chemical injury would mimic this situation. In a procedure, rabbits are anesthetized (sodium thiamylal 15 mg/kg i.v.). Clove oil is injected to produce the corneal inflammatory response. In a period of 24 h, all the animals receives two i.v. injections of tritiated thymidine. The second injection of thymidine is given 24 h before inducing corneal inflammatory response. Therapy is initiated instantly after injecting clove oil intracorneally, using one drop of test or a standard compound every hour for a total of 6 doses. After 1 h, the animals are sacrificed under anesthesia and a 10-ml penetrating corneal button is removed by trephination. The tissue samples are solubilized in a suitable solubilizing substance. The samples are counted in a scintillation counter. The radioactivity in each cornea is documented. The data are expressed as percentage change in radioactivity in comparison to their own untreated controlled eyes. The average of the mean values of these differences is then determined (Vogel 2002).
Low-cost biofuel-powered autoclaving machine for use in rural health care centres
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Yusuf Kola Ahmed, Morufu Olusola Ibitoye, Abdul Rasak Zubair, Janet Mosunmola Oladejo, Suleiman Abimbola Yahaya, Saheed Olayinka Abdulsalam, Ridwan Oladipupo Ajibola
The mechanical test was carried out by placing a temperature-sensitive adhesive chemical indicator tape (plain) on the body of the sample bottle to be sterilised before sterilisation. After sterilisation, the chemical indicator changed from plain to black striped tape as shown in Figure 4 indicating that a temperature of 121 °C or higher was attained. The biological validation was implemented using two samples of aseptically collected cornea scrapings from bacteria keratitis patients which yielded isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from the Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital.
Formulation Development and Optimization of Floating Granules of Acyclovir by Melt Granulation Technique
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2015
Ravindra S. Thakare, Sanjay B. Patil
Acyclovir, the first agent to be licensed for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, is the most widely used drug for infections such as cutaneous herpes, genital herpes, chicken pox, varicella zoster infections, and herpes keratitis. Acyclovir is currently marketed as capsules (200 mg), tablets (200, 400, and 800 mg), and suspension for oral administration, intravenous injection, and topical ointment. Oral acyclovir is mostly used as 200 mg tablets, five times a day. In addition, long-term administration of acyclovir (6 months or longer) is required in immunocompetent patients with relapsing herpes simplex infection. The presently available conventional therapy is associated with a number of drawbacks such as highly variable absorption and low bioavailability (10–20%) after oral administration. Furthermore, with increase in dose, there was a decrease in bioavailability. Moreover, because the mean plasma half-life of the drug is 2.5 h, five times a day administration is required (O'Brien and Campoli-Richards, 1989; Meadows and Dressman, 1990; JalonDe et al., 2003; Fuertes et al., 2006). In order to make oral therapy of acyclovir for more patients compliant, there is a need to develop sustained drug delivery dosage form. Researchers have investigated formulating acyclovir in delivery systems using different approaches like matrix tablets, microspheres, and polymeric films (Park et al., 1992; Rossi et al., 2003; Dhaliwal et al., 2008). The main problem with the therapeutic effectiveness of acyclovir is its absorption, which is highly variable and dose dependent, thus reducing the bioavailability to 10–20%. Acyclovir is soluble in acidic pH and is predominantly absorbed from upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to duodenum to jejunum regions. There are indications of its active absorption from the duodenum and jejunum regions of GIT. In commercially available dosages forms, the amount of drug absorbed is very low (10–20%) due to short residence time of the dosage forms at the absorption site. As a result, most of the drug is excreted in the feces (50–60%) in unabsorbed form.