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Concepts in EMF Biointeraction
Published in Jitendra Behari, Radio Frequency and Microwave Effects on Biological Tissues, 2019
This is an important species in intra-and inter-cellular signaling, as it plays a major role as a second messenger. Intracellular calcium is an important intracellular messenger. Calcium ions (Ca2+) relay electrochemical messages to the cell surface and its biochemical mechanisms. Calcium is preferred over other neighboring ions (Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cr+) because this is able to bond without causing deformation to either membrane proteins or solute proteins of cytoplasm or organelles. Calcium is known to regulate processes such as cell division, differentiation, exocytosis, and differential gene transcription. AGNIR (2001, 2003) has reported that very low levels of ELF-amplitude modulated RF exposures (too low to cause heating) increased calcium efflux from isolated brain hemispheres. This efflux was assessed by measuring the movement of radiolabelled calcium ions out of the brain tissue both in vitro (Lin-Liu & Adey 1982; Dutta et al. 1984, 1989) and in vivo (Adey 1981).
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Campbell et al.358 exposed mice (4 hours, 5 days/week for 2 weeks) to concentrated airborne particulates at a site near heavily trafficked highways in Los Angeles, California. All animals were treated with intranasal instillation of ovalbumin to induce lung sensitization. Of course, this sensitization can usually happen to both areas and sensitivity to other chemicals and is seen particularly to other foods. In the chemically sensitive, this condition gives them a particularly unique setup for more diesel pollutants entry causing or exacerbating the chemically sensitive and chronic degenerative diseased. It often results in addition to food sensitivity and sensitivity to molds and more chemicals. This state creates a generalized hypersensitivity condition to both the sensory nerves and the immune system. Under these conditions, exposure to either ultrafine or combined ultrafine and fine particles increased NF-κB activation in isolated brain nuclear fractions. In the cytoplasmic fraction, IL-1a protein was increased under both exposure conditions, while TNFα elevation was increased only with the combined particle exposure.
Brain Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Ambikanandan Misra, Aliasgar Shahiwala, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Tools in Drug Delivery Research for Optimum Clinical Outcomes, 2018
Manisha Lalan, Rohan Lalani, Vivek Patel, Ambikanandan Misra
Isolated brain capillaries have been also used in assessment of permeation. Mechanical homogenization and sucrose gradient centrifugation helped to isolate intact capillaries devoid of contamination. The brain capillaries mimic the in-vivo conditions closely. Some of the studies attempted to optimize the method to yield valuable inputs on transporter activities or CNS toxicity. However, reaching the luminal side of the capillaries is difficult, and the model necessitates freshly isolated brain microvessels, which have very short useful life of about 6 hours. Hence, this is not very successful as in-vitro model of BBB transport in the pharmaceutical industry (Pardridge 1998; Cecchelli et al. 1999).
Louvain clustering integration within density-based graph classification (Louvain dbGC) in Schizophrenia
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2022
Mai Abdulla, Mohammad T. Khasawneh
Functional Connectivity (FC) has been reported to analyze the differences in functional organization of brain networks between patients and healthy controls. A significant number of fMRI research studies have used the functional connectivity patterns among different brain regions to investigate the integrated brain activity (Li et al., 2009). The technique of FC testing permits evaluating the hypothesis that the cortical substrate of performance is based on connection patterns among different brain regions rather than on activation of isolated brain regions of interest (Kelly et al., 2010). FC studies are based on multiple paradigms. Seed Based Analysis (SBA) is the conventional method to study brain FC patterns. Abraham et al. (2017) built participant-specific connectomes from functionally defined brain regions to investigate the most predictive biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The correlation between all pairs of nodes were considered as features to discriminate between patients and health controls. This resulted in an accuracy of 67% which is better than state-of-the-art results.