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Oxygen transport in biological systems
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Concern in recent years about the safety of the blood supply has resulted in major efforts to develop a substitute for blood. A blood substitute can replace human donor blood and potentially be used for trauma and surgery, as well as for the treatment of chronic blood disorders that require frequent transfusions. Blood substitutes are also of interest to the military because of the potential for a significant decrease in the special handling and logistical requirements of human blood on the modern battlefield.
Recent advances in micro-sized oxygen carriers inspired by red blood cells
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Qiming Zhang, Natsuko F. Inagaki, Taichi Ito
In contrast to the complex bioenvironment and fragile nature of hRBCs, micro-sized AOCs based on polymeric platforms generally comprise much more simplified components with controlled resistance to metabolic transformation under severe conditions such as high temperatures and pH changes. Accordingly, they can be sterilized by means of filtration, pasteurization, and chemical cleaning, eliminating the sources of several diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis [134]. In addition, the longer storage life tremendously reduces the potential cost of using AOCs as a blood substitute. To this end, it is expected that a new generation of micro-sized AOCs based on either Hb or PFCs possessing all of the advantages of hRBCs will be proposed in the near future.
Coating polyvinylchloride surface for improved antifouling property
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Xin Wen, Rashed Almousa, Gregory Anderson, Sungsoo Na, Dong Xie
Surface modification is very critical to polymer-based medical devices such as cardiovascular grafts, catheters and others, especially when they are used for the areas in association with body fluid or blood [3, 47]. The devices being used in these applications require minimum microbial adhesion and low cell attachment [3, 48]. To achieve this goal, we propose to modify the surface using a newly synthesized hydrophilic and biocompatible polymer containing N-vinylpyrrolidone residue. It is well known that polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer (PVP) is a very hydrophilic biocompatible polymer and has been used as a blood compatible polymer and a blood substitute for many years [39, 40]. In this study, we used a very efficient and mild coating technique, i.e., using N-acryloyl succinimide (AS) which is pendent on PVPA to covalently link PVPA onto the amino-containing PVC surface in the presence of water at pH = 8.0 [43,44]. This technique has been widely used in protein coupling reaction in biology and biomedical applications [49]. The reaction was accomplished between amino groups on the PVC surface and acryloyl succinimide groups on the PVPA polymer by forming amide linkages, concurrent with losing N-hydroxysuccinimide in water. Figure 5a–d shows a set of optical images to demonstrate that both amino groups and PVPA-coated polymers have been successfully attached onto the PVC surface. The images in Figure 5a–d represent PVC and AZ-, AM- and PVPA-modified surfaces after staining with a green/red two-color dye kit. It is known that the fluorescent green dye emits the green color based on the reaction between dye molecules and amino groups [50]. Since both PVC and AZ had no amino groups attached, the expected black color is observed (Figure 5a and b). On the other hand, both AM- and PVPA-modified surface showed fluorescent green color because both contain amino groups (Figure 5c and d). It is noticed that the surface attached with PVPA showed a significant white color coating on the green surface, indicating successful completion of polymer coating.