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Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Bone Tissue
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Borja Sañudo, Christina Stark, Eckhard Schoenau
More than 200 bones classified as long, short, flat, irregular or sesamoid compose the human adult skeleton. Detailed information about them can be obtained in classic anatomy textbooks (Moore et al., 2013; Paulsen and Waschke, 2011). Long bones present a shaft (diaphysis) and form most bones of the upper and lower limbs. Short bones are cube-shaped, mainly composed by trabecular bone (for example, bones of the wrist and ankle). In flat bones, trabecular bone is surrounded by two parallel layers of compact bone (bones in skull and sternum). The irregular bones present irregular shapes and cannot be classified in another category, like the vertebrae and coxal bone. Finally, sesamoid bones (for example, the patella) are embedded in muscle tendons. These bones are intimately associated with nonosseus tissues during a lifetime: tendons, ligaments and cartilage, the latter participating in the structure of important elements such as costal cartilage, larynx, trachea, bronchi, nose and ears (Carter and Beaupré, 2001).
The Anatomy of Human Motion
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Short bones are solid, small bones. Carpals and tarsals (wrist and ankle bones) are examples. Flat bones are the sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvic bones, and patella. Irregular bones are all the bones of the spinal column, including the 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and the coccyx.
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
Considering the shape of the bones, four general categories can be described: long, short, flat and irregular bones. (Figure 3) Long bones include the clavicles, humeri, radii etc. Short bones include the carpal and tarsal bones, patellae etc. Flat bones include the skull, mandible, scapulae etc. Irregular bones include the vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid bone, maxilla etc. Flat bones form by membranous bone formation, and long bones are formed by a combination of endochondral and membranous bone formation (Clarke 2008).