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Morphogenesis
Published in A. Šiber, P. Ziherl, Cellular Patterns, 2018
The inward buckling of an epithelium which creates a subsurface cavity is referred to as invagination (Figure 5.4a). During embryogenesis, the first process involving invagination is gastrulation, that is, the transformation of a single‐layer shell‐like blastula into a more complex gastrula featuring three layers of cells, each developing into a specific system or part of the body. The formation of the ventral furrow in Drosophila (Figures 5.1c and 5.4) is an example of invagination which may be geometrically likened to the buckling of a piece of paper held by hands and then compressed; naturally, the similarity is merely geometrical because the mechanics at work in the tissue is much more involved.
A Non-Linear Finite Element Formulation for Modeling Volumetric Growth
Published in J. Middleton, M. L. Jones, G. N. Pande, Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering – 2, 2020
V. Srinivasan, R. Perucchio, R. Srinivasan, L. Taber
Invagination. Invagination is essential to many kinds of morphogenetic processes. It is the formation of a small pocket in an initially flat piece of tissue. Here we present a three-dimensional analysis of invagination. In most cases the shape changes associated with this phenomenon are axisymmetric with respect to the center of the initial depression. Because of the symmetry, we model here only one-quarter of the cell-sheet [9] (Fig. 5): the sheet is clamped at one end and symmetry conditions are applied at the opposite and adjacent sides. The dimensions of the model is 5 by 2 by 10 units and is meshed with 100 unit-cube elements. Fig. 5 illustrates the results of this test.
Gold nanoparticles as radiosensitizer for radiotherapy and diagnosis of COVID-19: A review
Published in Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2022
Abdul Khaliq Mokhtar, Norsyahidah Mohd Hidzir, Faizal Mohamed, Irman Abdul Rahman, Syazwani Mohd Fadzil, Afifah Mardhiah Mohamed Radzi, Nur Ain Mohd Radzali
Moreover, AuNP also display comparative stability [48], in which the AuNP does not easily aggregate if stored under low-temperature storage after being synthesized compared to high temperature [49]. At high temperature, aggregation can be resulted due to the higher kinetic energy obtained by AuNP, which in turn increases the probability of AuNP encountering each other. In the biological process, the uptake of AuNP by mammalian cells occurred via endocytosis [42, 50], in which AuNPs are taken into a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. Thus, this process will be resulting in an increase of AuNP concentration inside tumor cells, thereby increasing the efficiency of tumor cells through radiotherapy treatment.