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Health Aspects of Using Reclaimed Water in Engineering Projects
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
The infection is not spread directly from person to person but rather through snails. If the snails are not present, schistosomiasis transmission will not occur.6 The adult worms produce eggs or ova. When the eggs come in contact with fresh water they hatch and release another form of larvae, denoted miracidium; these larvae search for and contaminate snails. Consequently, the snail releases the cercaria larvae. Many of the schistosomiasis victims suffer from lethargy, abdominal pain, and intermittent diarrhea. The enormous number of fresh microscopic eggs produced daily impairs the body’s functions and results in the loss of blood through the urine and feces. The eggs are kept in the bladder wall, or transferred to the liver, with devastating results. The eggs deposited in the bladder wall may die and become calcified. Damage to the liver, spleen, kidneys, bladder, as well as to the central nervous system occur in those patients who are most severely infected. Much of the chronic damage to the organs is irreversible, and in severe cases the individual may die from internal bleeding.6 This disease has a negative impact not only on self-productivity but also on socioeconomic growth.
Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
If the ribs near the upper abdomen break, they can be a hazard to the nearby solid abdominal organs, the liver and spleen. Punctures and tears in these organs cause severe internal bleeding. The lumbar spine, posteriorly, provides a vertical support for the body above the pelvis, but not a great deal of protection for the abdominal contents. These vulnerabilities need to be considered when designing protective equipment, whether for military use or contact sports. With only the muscular body wall surrounding most of the abdomen, the digestive organs are vulnerable to penetrating injuries. If the large intestine is punctured, bacteria are released into the confined space of the abdomen, where they can cause life-threatening infections. Adequate torso coverage is essential for body armor designs to protect the vulnerable abdomen.
Emerging Diseases
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
The disease: There are four antigenically distinct viral serotypes that cause dengue and DHF. The serotypes are DEN-1 through DEN-4 and belong to the genus Flavivirus.105 The expansion of dengue/DHF is aided by the fact that there is no cross-protective immunity with any of the viruses, so that it is possible for a person to acquire multiple dengue infections during their lifetime.104 Dengue is primarily an urban tropical disease with severe flu-like symptoms that causes high fevers, frontal headache, severe body aches and pains, nausea, and vomiting. The “critical stage” for DHF occurs at the point at which people start to feel better. When the fever eases, patients start to develop “leaky capillary syndrome” in which the blood vessels leak and untreated patients will go into shock and die. Some cases show no outward symptoms, while others show bruising or pinpoint rashes—a signal of internal bleeding.106
Autonomous aspirating robot for removing saliva blood mixed liquid in oral surgery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Baiquan Su, Han Li, Wei Xiu, Yang Gao, Yi Gong, Zehao Wang, Yida David Hu, Wei Yao, Jie Tang, Wenyong Liu, Junchen Wang, Li Gao
Bleeding detection presents blood contour for medical robot to complete autonomous blood removal. For intestinal bleeding detection, an automatic bleeding detection strategy using a deep convolutional neural network was proposed, and F-score of the network is 0.9955 (Jia and Meng 2016). Using the craniotomy image and Mask R-CNN framework, the detection of craniotomy hemorrhage in neurosurgery was realized. The detection accuracy of bleeding area in simulated bleeding scenario and three craniotomy stages were 94.40%, 84.44%, 89.48% and 90.46%, respectively (Tang et al. 2022). Densely connected neural network is used for detecting cerebral microbleeds, and the recognition accuracy reached 97.71% (Wang et al. 2019). By an ultrasonic visual servo algorithm and blood flow measurement, the bleeding spot is detected (Ito et al. 2011). Histogram and global thresholding to denoise are both used to detect the bleeding area of brain CT images, and the detection accuracy of bleeding area was nearly 90% (Shirgaonkar et al. 2012). An ultrasonic section image of blood flow measurement algorithm for internal bleeding detection is constructed. Blood flow measurement experiments were performed using phantom containing an arterial model and a manipulator equipped with an ultrasonic probe (Ito et al. 2012). However, bleeding detection in oral cavity in oral surgery is not available.
The future potential of the Stentrode
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Sam E. John, David B. Grayden, Takufumi Yanagisawa
One major drawback of the present generation StentrodeTM is the need for wires that connect the recording sensors to the electronics. Wires pass along the length of the blood vessels from the recording electrodes to the chest where the electronics are placed. The transvascular exit of these wires from the jugular vein is a concern that needs to be addressed. It may render the implantation site unusable for medical monitoring, it may prevent intravenous injections, and the blood vessel may possibly rupture causing internal bleeding. Therefore, it would be ideal to miniaturize the electronics and integrate them into the StentrodeTM such that there is no need for wires. However, scaling down the electronics and power supply is not trivial and will require years of research and development to make them small enough to fit through a deployment catheter while also fitting into a cylindrical (or irregular) blood vessel.
Effects of aspect ratio, wall thickness and hypertension in the patient-specific computational modeling of cerebral aneurysms using fluid-structure interaction analysis
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2019
Hong Tao Sun, Kam Yim Sze, Abraham Yik Sau Tang, Anderson Chun On Tsang, Alfred Cheuk Hang Yu, Kwok Wing Chow
Abnormal dilation of the artery, termed aneurysm, can be life-threatening. Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm (IA) can lead to massive internal bleeding in the subarachnoid space. The occurrence rate of IA is 2% to 5% in the population (Humphrey & Taylor, 2008) and aneurysm rupture also leads to high mortality rate (Sforza, Putman, & Cebral, 2009). A typical geometric parameter of the aneurysm is the aspect ratio (AR) which is defined as the ratio of the aneurysm height to the equivalent diameter (=circumference/π) of the aneurysm neck. Clinical analysis reported that aneurysms with AR greater than 1.6 are prone to rupture (Ujiie, Tamano, Sasaki, & Hori, 2001). Several types of endovascular surgical treatment including coiling and flow diverter stenting are available for mitigating the risk of rupture.