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Systems Neuroscience Approaches to Measure Brain Mechanisms Underlying Resilience—Towards Optimizing Performance
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
Martin P. Paulus, Alan N. Simmons, Eric G. Potterat, Karl F. Van Orden, Judith L. Swain
We have proposed a neuroanatomical processing model as a heuristic guide to understand how one can link optimal performance to how the individual “feels inside”. This model focuses on the notion of a body prediction error, such as the difference between the value of the anticipated/predicted state and the value of the current interoceptive state, and consists of four components. First, information from peripheral receptors ascends via two different pathways, the A-B-fiber discriminative pathway that conveys precise information about the “what” and “where” of the stimulus impinging on the body, and the C-fiber pathway that conveys spatially- and time-integrated affective information (Craig 2007). These afferents converge via several waystations to the sensory cortex and the posterior insular cortex to provide a sense of the current body state. Second, centrally generated interoceptive states, for example via contextual associations from memory, reach the insular cortex via temporal and parietal cortex to generate body states based on conditioned associations (Gray and Critchley 2007, Yaguez et al. 2005). Third, within the insular cortex there is a dorsal-posterior to inferior-anterior organization from granular to agranular, which provides an increasingly “contextualized” representation of the interoceptive state (Shipp 2005), irrespective of whether it is generated internally or via the periphery. These interoceptive states are made available to the orbitofrontal cortex for context-dependent valuation (Rolls 2004, Kringelbach 2005) and to the anterior cingulate cortex for error processing (Critchley et al. 2005, Carter et al. 1998) and action valuation (Rushworth and Behrens 2008; Goldstein et al. 2007). Fourth, bidirectional connections to the basolateral amygdala (Augustine 1985, Jasmin, et al. 2004, Reynolds and Zahm 2005) and the striatum (Chikama et al. 1997), particularly ventral striatum (Fudge et al. 2005), provide the circuitry to calculate a body prediction error (similar to reward prediction error (Pessiglione et al. 2006, Preuschoff, Quartz, and Bossaerts 2008, Schultz and Dickinson 2000), and provide a neural signal for salience and learning. The insular cortex relays information to other brain systems to initiate motivated action to achieve a steady state (Craig 2007) by minimizing the body state prediction error. Thus the insular cortex is centrally located within a network of structures that are important for modulating processing according to internal and external demands.
The Neurostructure of Morality and the Hubris of Memory Manipulation
Published in The New Bioethics, 2018
The PCC, located in the upper part of the limbic lobe, is involved in the processing of personal memory, self-awareness, and emotionally salient stimuli (Pascual et al. 2013, p. 5). As one of the brain regions exhibiting greater engagement in personal rather than impersonal dilemmas, its activation is related to social ability, empathy, forgiveness, and the capacity to predict the magnitude of punishments applied in criminal scenarios. The insular cortex is also engaged in moral tasks, exhibiting greater activation in first and second person expressions of repugnance. It is associated with emotional processing, empathetic grief (in young subjects), detection and processing of uncertainty, and perception of injustice. The anterior insular cortex is involved in visceral bodily sensation, emotional sensation and regulation, and empathy. This sub-region is activated upon the experience of anger or indignation and when perceiving or assessing the pain of others. Its activation is also correlated with empathy scores and inequitable offers. Other significant subcortical structures include the hippocampus (vis-à-vis fear conditioning), amygdala (vis-à-vis moral learning), thalamus (vis-à-vis pain), septum (vis-à-vis altruism), and caudate nucleus (vis-à-vis punishment) (Pascual et al. 2013, p. 5).
Effective connectivity inference in the whole-brain network by using rDCM method for investigating the distinction between emotional states in fMRI data
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Naemeh Farahani, Shabnam Ghahari, Emad Fatemizadeh, Ali Motie Nasrabadi
Our results are consistent with the findings of previous studies (Purves et al. 2012, 2017; Nguyen et al. 2016; Seok and Cheong 2019; Pugh et al. 2021; Jamieson et al. 2021). In anger emotion, we found an increasing effective connection from insular cortex to superior temporal gyrus (posterior division) which is compatible with previous findings (Mazzola et al. 2016; Seok and Cheong 2019). The insular cortex is associated with consciousness and plays an important role in the experience of pain and several basic emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, and sadness (Bushara et al. 2001, 2003; Wager 2002). Anatomically, the insular cortex can integrate the information about body states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes (Craig 2002). In happiness, the connection from the Occipital pole to temporal occipital fusiform cortex was found that had been stated in another study (Fairhall and Ishai 2006). Farahani et al. (2019) expressed that the most connections in emotions of anger, fear, happiness, love, and sadness were related to the connections between the planum temporale and middle temporal gyrus (posterior division), heschl’s gyrus and superior temporal gyrus (posterior division), inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis) and insular cortex, insular cortex and left hippocampus, and from insular cortex to inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis) and planum temporale to insular cortex. They found the highest number of significant distinctions in the coupling between regions, in the happiness-anger, happiness-love, and happiness-fear. Also, in the regions receiving the input, they revealed the highest number of distinctions in fear-love, fear-sadness, and happiness-sadness. Overall, our findings are somewhat consistent with their results. It is worth mentioning, there were differences in some connections compared to previous studies, which could be due to the different functioning of the brain as a large-scale network, and also the type of auditory stimulation that is associated with human life and makes people empathise with the movie.