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The Predictive Brain
Published in Lisa Heschong, Visual Delight in Architecture, 2021
In order to predict the future, the brain uses the memory of past sensory information to create a predictive model of the environment. Sensory inputs that form our internal predictive models come from all our outwardly directed senses—vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell—plus our inwardly directed senses, including proprioception, interoception, and self-awareness of our own intentions. Proprioception is an essential component of mental models. It provides the sensory input of our skeletal-muscular system that tells us what our bodies are doing, where our joints are, what speed our limbs are moving, with what degree of force. It is this internal awareness that makes it impossible for us to tickle ourselves, since our brains already know where our hands are going before they arrive. Interoception, in contrast, provides information about the non-mechanical status of our body, such as core body temperature, hunger, thirst, pain, and the status of organs, like a full bladder.
Systems Neuroscience Approaches to Measure Brain Mechanisms Underlying Resilience—Towards Optimizing Performance
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
Martin P. Paulus, Alan N. Simmons, Eric G. Potterat, Karl F. Van Orden, Judith L. Swain
We have developed a preliminary model of optimal performance in extreme environments (Paulus et al. in press) that starts with the observation that these environments exert profound interoceptive effects. Interoception is (a) sensing the physiological condition of the body (Craig 2002), (b) representing the internal state (Craig 2009) within the context of ongoing activities, and (c) initiating motivated action to homeostatically regulate the internal state (Craig 2007). Interoception includes a range of sensations such as pain (LaMotte et al. 1982), temperature (Craig and Bushnell 1994), itch (Schmelz et al. 1997), tickle (Lahuerta et al. 1990), sensual touch (Vallbo et al. 1995, Olausson et al. 2002), muscle tension (Light and Perl 2003), air hunger (Banzett et al. 2000), stomach pH (Feinle 1998), and intestinal tension (Robinson et al. 2005), which together provide an integrated sense of the body’s physiological condition (Craig 2002). These sensations travel via small-diameter primary afferent fibers, which eventually reach the anterior insular cortex for integration (Craig 2003b).
Bodies in mind: using peripheral psychophysiology to probe emotional and social processes
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Gina M. Grimshaw, Michael C. Philipp
Despite these caveats, many theories of emotion still propose an important role for interoception (e.g. Damasio 1996; Thagard and Aubie 2008; Seth 2013; Critchley and Garfinkel 2017; Barrett 2017b; Azzalini et al. 2019). Some have even argued that interoceptive awareness is the basis for our sense of self (Critchley and Harrison 2013; Seth and Tsakiris 2018), and our ability to understand the selfhood and emotions of others (Terasawa et al. 2014; Shah et al. 2017; Gao et al. 2019). Effective interoception is therefore an important aspect of emotional and social well-being; indeed poor interoceptive awareness is associated with a range of psychological concerns (Murphy et al. 2017; Khalsa et al. 2018), including addiction (Paulus and Stewart 2014), suicidal thoughts and non-suicidal self-injury (Dodd et al. 2018; Rogers et al. 2018), eating disorders (Badoud and Tsakiris 2017; Klabunde et al. 2017), and autism (Schauder et al. 2015; DuBois et al. 2016). Therapeutic interventions like mindfulness or body awareness training that aim to improve interoceptive function are therefore the focus of much ongoing research (reviewed in Khoury et al. 2018).
Flourishing workplaces: a multisensory approach to design and POE
Published in Intelligent Buildings International, 2019
Derek Clements-Croome, Briony Turner, Kay Pallaris
The two senses of proprioception and interoception tell us what the internal body itself is doing and as such, allow an individual to evaluate their personal physical state in response to stimuli. Proprioception refers to the sense of joint position and movement that are essential for maintaining posture and coordinating movement. Simply explained, interoception is the sense of organ function giving rise to the conscious perceptions of bodily processes such as hunger and heart-beat (Schulz 2015). Interoception has come to refer to the multi-modal integration of sensory channels resulting in one’s complete perception of their personal physiological condition (Craig 2002, 2009; Ceunen, Vlaeyen, and Van Diest 2016).
Rebooting in sport training and competitions: Athletes’ perceived stress levels and the role of interoceptive awareness
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Selenia di Fronso, Cristina Montesano, Sergio Costa, Giampaolo Santi, Claudio Robazza, Maurizio Bertollo
Among the several factors related to stress in general and to perceived stress in particular, interception is gaining increasing attention. Interoception refers to the processing of visceral and bodily signals such as those related to heartbeat, respiration, satiety or to the autonomic nervous system activity linked with emotions, which can result in the conscious perception of the whole-body condition (Craig, 2002; Saper, 2002). It was recently found that stress-induced interoceptive amplification may contribute to emotional regulatory problems (Schlinkert et al., 2020). Generally, acute (perceived) stress can induce malfunction and/or dysregulation of the whole-body information processes (e.g., hyper-secretion of cortisol, hyper-activity of sympathetic nervous system, reduced negative feedback sensitivity). Consequently, interoceptive signals may be altered (e.g., perception of tachycardia, positive cardiac inotropy, reduced gastric motility), causing physical symptoms (e.g., palpitations, nausea, or breathlessness) which contribute to the development and/or maintenance of a stress response or body-related mental disorders associated with stress and its negative perception (Pollatos et al., 2011; Schulz et al., 2015; Schulz & Vögele, 2015). Given that an acute stress response has a limited duration, this cascade is usually disrupted after the stress-eliciting stimulus has disappeared. On the other hand, experiencing a major life chronic stressor may permanently induce altered perception of bodily sensations and contribute to the manifestation of physical symptoms, whose identification reinforces the perception of negative stress (Schulz & Vögele, 2015). However, a proper interoception aids in the maintenance of homoeostasis, also allowing a better connectedness to the world and a better adaptation to the changing environment (Barrett & Simmons, 2015; Critchley & Harrison, 2013; Häfner, 2013). Indeed, interoceptive information can be used to implement control of bodily states and anticipates energy demands prior to environmental perturbations that would otherwise be dangerous (Duquette & Ainley, 2019).