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The Psychological Evaluation
Published in John R. Fletemeyer, Ivonne Schmid, Principles and Practices of Aquatic Law, 2018
Some of the most common traumatic injuries include, but are not limited to, spinal cord and brain injury, electrical injury, spine fractures, crush injury, broken bones, collapsed lungs, facial trauma, concussion, skull fracture, amputation, hypovolemic shock, subdural hematoma, and burns. The injury severity score (ISS) classifies each injury in every body region and according to the level of severity.
A predictive model to analyze the factors affecting the presence of serious chest injury in the occupants on motor vehicle crashes: Logistic regression approach
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2023
Hee Young Lee, Kang Hyun Lee, Oh Hyun Kim, Hyun Youk, Joon Seok Kong, Chan Young Kang, Doo Ruh Choi, Yeon Il Choo, Dong Ku Kang
The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an anatomical-based coding system created by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine to classify and describe the severity of injuries (Gennarelli and Wodzin 2006). AIS has already known as a useful measure of classifying traumas and predicting prognosis in trauma patients as it has for motor vehicle crash patients. For classifying each body region, AIS08 consists of head, face, neck, thorax, abdomen, spine, upper extremity, lower extremity, external, and other. The Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) expresses the maximum AIS value from all body regions. Furthermore, the Injury Severity Score (ISS) is an injury scale that rates the severity of injury for each patient, calculated by summing the squares of AIS values with the highest severity scores from 3 body regions (Baker et al. 1974). For ISS calculation, AIS codes were regrouped into the following body regions: head and neck area; facial area; chest area; internal organs in the abdominal and hip area; upper and lower extremities and hips; and external factors, such as burn, frostbite, and explosion. The ISS is expressed numerically between 0 and 75 points, and a patient with a score 16 points is deemed to be serious with multiple injuries (Boyd et al. 1987). Patients with an AIS 6 injury are automatically designated ISS 75.
Trauma demography and clinical epidemiology of motorcycle crash–related head injury in a neurosurgery practice in an African developing country
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Amos O. Adeleye, David J. Clark, Toluyemi A. Malomo
Data on demographic profile, mechanism of injury, baseline clinical state, radiological findings, management, and outcomes were extracted from the registry for each subject who met the inclusion criteria. The severity of the TBI was quantified using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) as well as the Abbreviated Injury Scale head (AIS–head) score (Jacobs et al. 2013; Jennett 1996). Extracranial injuries were quantified using the other relevant components of the AIS score. A GCS score of 13–15 was categorized as mild HI, 9–12 as moderate, and 3–8 as severe HI. The trauma severity in each patient was then quantified with the Injury Severity Score (ISS), ranging from 1 to 75, with a higher score denoting more severe trauma (Jacobs et al. 2013). Brain computed tomography (CT) findings were also analyzed and categorized using the CT Rotterdam (CT Rott) scoring system, quantified on a scale of 1–6. Higher scores represent more significant brain injuries on this scale (Maaset al. 2005). Finally, the patients’ in-hospital course including treatment, surgical or nonsurgical, was also noted, as well as the in-hospital outcome, using the Glasgow Outcome Scale on Discharge (GOS-D). The latter was graded as normal, moderate deficit, severe deficit, persistent vegetative state, and death (Jacobs et al. 2013; Jennett 1996).
Pediatric and adolescent injury in snowboarding
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2018
Five studies described length of hospital stay or using an injury severity scale (Table 4). The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a 75-point scoring system based on anatomical location and the squared Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) value of the top three injuries where the higher the ISS, the more severe the injury (Baker, O’Neill, Haddon, & Long, 1974). The Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS) grades the severity of child injury by measuring six components with a lower score indicating higher mortality risk, the minimum score is −6 and the maximum score is +12 (Tepas, Ramenofsky, Mollitt, Gans, & DiScala, 1988). The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assesses brain functioning and ranges from 3 to 15 based on eye opening, verbal, and motor response; a lower GCS indicates a more severe injury (Jennett, 2002). The AIS uses a 6-point injury scale, with 1 indicating a minor injury and 6 a fatal event (Committee on Injury Scaling, 1980).